CURRENT ISSUE

ABSTRACT

Twenty water samples were collected to assess the level of groundwater contamination at Ojota landfill sites. 25 parameters analyzed include temperature, turbidity, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, pH, total alkalinity, total acidity, chloride, nitrate, phosphate, sulphate, bicarbonates, dissolved oxygen, magnesium, zinc, calcium, copper, iron, arsenic, lead, chromium, sodium, potassium, manganese and cadmium. The results showed that the mean value for pH was 6.1 and the concentration of total alkalinity ranged from not detected to785mg/L, chloride from not detected to 250mg/L, nitrate from not detected to 15.6mg/L, phosphate from not detected to 1.9Img/L sulphate from not detected to 15.6mg/L, bicarbonates from 8.9 to 36.6mg/L, dissolved oxygen from 1.42 to 5.71 mg/L, magnesium from 0.01 to 0.47 mg/L, zinc from 0 to 0.01mg/L, calcium from 0.61 to 8.3mg/, copper from 0.01 to 0.8mg/L iron from not detected to 0.49mg/L, arsenic was not detected, lead from not detected to 0.269mg/L, chromium from 0 to 0.1mg/L, sodium from 0 to 0.69mg/L potassium from 0 to 0. 651mg/L and total hardness from 8 to 87mg/L. The concentration of total alkalinity, nitrate, dissolved oxygen, iron and lead did exceed the limit of WHO drinking water standard of 200mg/L, 10mg/L. 2mg/L, 0.03mg/L and 0.015mgL respectively in some samples. However, the concentration of zinc, copper, phosphate, sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sulphate, bicarbonate and chloride are within the limit of WHO drinking water standards. Arsenic, chromium and cadmium in most of the samples were below the detection limit or not higher than 0.1mg/L. Gibb’s diagram showed that the concentration of the dissolved chemical constituents was the result of t dissolution of host rock minerals due to water – rock interaction. Water in the study area is not potable due to contamination by total alkalinity, nitrate, dissolved oxygen, iron and lead. therefore water should be discarded or treated before use.

Keywords: Landfill, Leachates, Physico-chemical, Pollution, dissolution

ABSTRACT

This study carried out an assessment of heavy metal contamination and microbial counts of soils in selected auto-mechanic workshops within Benin metropolis, Edo State, Nigeria. The study assessed the distribution of some heavy metals and microbial counts across three soil depths of the auto mechanic sites; determined the extent of contamination of heavy metals in the soils and; evaluated significant relationships among the selected heavy metals and microbial counts. A total of 27 soil samples were randomly collected from the three sites (Ugbowo and Uwelu auto-mechanic sites, and control site) at the 0-15, 15-30 and 30-45 cm soil depths. Each soil sample was analyzed for copper

-Cu, iron-Fe, chromium – Cr, lead – Pb, cadmium – Cd, manganese – Mg, total heterotrophic bacteria count – THB and total heterotrophic fungi count – THF. Results revealed that Cu, Cr. Pb and Mn were within the permissible limits for heavy metals in soils established by World Health Organization and Department of Petroleum Resources. Concentrations of Cd exceeded the permissible limit with the contamination/pollution index indicating very severe contamination to slight pollution. Geogenic sources rather than anthropogenic sources accounted for the high Fe values. The study found that auto-mechanic activities had greater negative impact on bacteria counts than fungi counts. Significant positive and negative relationships were observed between the selected heavy metals and microbial counts. The study concluded that auto-mechanic activities increased the concentrations of Cd in all the soils and recommended phytoremediation to reclaim soils contaminated with Cd

ABSTRACT

The main thrust of this research is to investigate comparatively three (3) selected interpolation techniques for hybrid geoid modeling in Rivers State, Nigeria. The approach deployed is hinged on the Ex-Post factor research design demonstrated in the hybrid geoid model, which involves the integration of geometric geoid and gravimetric geoid models obtained from the zonal harmonics of the earth gravity field (EGM 2008), using a surface interpolation technique as independent variables. The results of the study gave the root mean squares error of 0.00035, 0.000645 and 0.000894 for the inverse distance weighting interpolation, kriging interpolation method and Radial Basis Function respectively. The 3-D surface model of the three interpolation models were generated. The result analysis reveals that the Kriging Interpolation model is the most optimal interpolation models for hybrid geoid modeling in Rivers State.

Keywords: Hybrid, Interpolation, Geoid, Kriging.

ABSTRACT

The main thrust of this research is to investigate comparatively three (3) selected interpolation techniques for hybrid geoid modeling in Rivers State, Nigeria. The approach deployed is hinged on the Ex-Post factor research design demonstrated in the hybrid geoid model, which involves the integration of geometric geoid and gravimetric geoid models obtained from the zonal harmonics of the earth gravity field (EGM 2008), using a surface interpolation technique as independent variables. The results of the study gave the root mean squares error of 0.00035, 0.000645 and 0.000894 for the inverse distance weighting interpolation, kriging interpolation method and Radial Basis Function respectively. The 3-D surface model of the three interpolation models were generated. The result analysis reveals that the Kriging Interpolation model is the most optimal interpolation models for hybrid geoid modeling in Rivers State.

Keywords: Hybrid, Interpolation, Geoid, Kriging.

ABSTRACT

The main thrust of this research is to investigate comparatively three (3) selected interpolation techniques for hybrid geoid modeling in Rivers State, Nigeria. The approach deployed is hinged on the Ex-Post factor research design demonstrated in the hybrid geoid model, which involves the integration of geometric geoid and gravimetric geoid models obtained from the zonal harmonics of the earth gravity field (EGM 2008), using a surface interpolation technique as independent variables. The results of the study gave the root mean squares error of 0.00035, 0.000645 and 0.000894 for the inverse distance weighting interpolation, kriging interpolation method and Radial Basis Function respectively. The 3-D surface model of the three interpolation models were generated. The result analysis reveals that the Kriging Interpolation model is the most optimal interpolation models for hybrid geoid modeling in Rivers State.

Keywords: Hybrid, Interpolation, Geoid, Kriging.

ABSTRACT

The main thrust of this research is to investigate comparatively three (3) selected interpolation techniques for hybrid geoid modeling in Rivers State, Nigeria. The approach deployed is hinged on the Ex-Post factor research design demonstrated in the hybrid geoid model, which involves the integration of geometric geoid and gravimetric geoid models obtained from the zonal harmonics of the earth gravity field (EGM 2008), using a surface interpolation technique as independent variables. The results of the study gave the root mean squares error of 0.00035, 0.000645 and 0.000894 for the inverse distance weighting interpolation, kriging interpolation method and Radial Basis Function respectively. The 3-D surface model of the three interpolation models were generated. The result analysis reveals that the Kriging Interpolation model is the most optimal interpolation models for hybrid geoid modeling in Rivers State.

Keywords: Hybrid, Interpolation, Geoid, Kriging.

Abstract

This study aims at predicting gully head retreat at the University of Benin gully erosion site and to provide an understanding of its effective management. Three main processes in gully head retreat namely head cut (upstream retreat), channel widening, and channel deepening are common features contributing to gully size increase that is responsible for mass destruction to life and infrastructure in the area under study. The morphological parameters measured include (length, Width, and Depth). Soll samples taken from the gully site were analyzed at the University of Benin geotechnical laboratory following the British Standard Specification (BS), 1377, 1990, and American (ASTM) standard method. Rainfall data obtained from Nigerian Metrological Agency (NIMET) were analyzed from 1989 to 2016. Channel Hill Slope Integrated Landscape Development (CHILD) model was adapted to model the gully head retreat. Soil loss was analyzed with a Surface Difference Tool (SDT) in a GIS environment. The results generated with the Model and the surveyed gully extent of the same year were compared. Wilcoxon sign ranking tests, t-Test statistic,s and regression analysis were run to ascertain the level of statistical relation between the model and the surveyed/satellite image data. From sieve analysis, critical gully bed share stress (t) to run the CHILD model was obtained to show a standard based on soil distribution particles as derived from the U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigation report. Rainfall analysis report shows average annual rainfall of 2,156.63 mm, 687.9 mm for September 1998, while the lowest rainfall data of 1,532.99 mm recorded in 2015, which could be responsible for the low gully growth as seen in the Historical Google Earth images from 2015 to 2019. Statistical comparison of head retreat for the CHILD model, Survey data, and the Google Earth imagery shows a strong correlation. Furthermore, the results obtained with Historic Google Earth images, show gully arms A and B to be 130.26 m and 73.31 m, while those obtained with the CHILD model for the same gully arms showed a cumulative retreat length of 112.30 m and 86.95 m. The average gully head retreat rate for the period of 2010-2019 from observed data using satellite imagery and the CHILD model for gully arms A and B is 6,94 m/yr. and 3.92 m/yr, and 5.92 m/yr. and 4.61 m/yr, respectively, showing a strong correlation with gully growth. The result of total soil loss computed for the study area is 64.130.89 m. The length of the gully by the year 2025 from prediction is 237.90 m and the land area at risk is 101,019.70 Mr. The application of GIS/Remote sensing technology alongside the CHILD model has proven very useful in the prediction and management decision of gully head retreat and can be employed for similar studies in related areas of Engineering

Keywords: Gully, CHILD, Soil loss, GIS, RS

ABSTRACT

The Minimum quadratic unbiased estimate (MINQUE) Variance Component Estimation (VCE)

technique has not been used in gravity network adjustment and is therefore herein proposed for computing the error budget in the adjustment of a regional gravimetric network using numerical examples from terrestrial gravity data covering the south western region of Nigeria. Suitable parametric model was chosen to enhance analysis of the gravity dependent, position dependent and height dependent error contributions in the resulting gravity network. Results obtained show variance components of +0.001 in gals +2.222mm, +0.554mm and ±0.296 in the gravity, Latitude, Longitude and height data types. It is concluded that while low accuracy horizontal positioning may be acceptable, centimeter level accuracy is required for heights if 0.00Imgals accuracy is to be achieved in regional gravity network.

Keywords: Variance Component Estimation (VCE), MINQUE, gravity network, Ordinary Least Squares (OLS)

ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to evaluate the ecological and health risks associated with metals in soils around major cement companies in southern Nigeria. Twenty-one soil samples including a control sample were collected around the cement company. Metals such as Cd, As, Co, Cr, Cd, Pb, Ni, Fe, and Zn were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). Results showed that the average concentration of Cu, Co, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn is 7.95 mg/kg, 0.50 mg/kg, 3.00 mg/kg, 1.00 mg/kg, 0.95 mg/kg, 2.00 mg/kg and 6.80 mg/kg while the average concentration of Cu, Co, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn around the cement production area is 6.30 mg/kg, 1.50 mg/kg, 1.75 mg/kg, 2.09 mg/kg, 2.62 mg/kg, 6.40 mg/kg and 3.58 mg/kg respectively. The concentration of metals in this area was lower than the recommended standards but higher than those in the background soil. Contamination assessment of metals in soils of Okpella area revealed that they pose a very high degree of pollution and deterioration of the environment. Furthermore, ecological risk assessment revealed that the metals pose medium ecological risks. Health risks assessment uncovered that children residing in this area are prone to non-carcinogenic health risks through dermal contact with Cobalt in contaminated soils of the area. The statistical evaluation showed that metals in the soils might have originated from related sources. It is recommended that proper environmental monitoring of the area be carried out to reduce its impact on the health of the populace.

Keywords: Ecological risk, Cement processing factory, Health risk, Contamination assessment, Heavy metals

ABSTRACT
This study investigated the use of speed bumps on Nigeria highway with specific reference to the section of the federal road that start from the University of Benin main gate to Oluku Junction Benin city. Using survey methodology for the collection of information from a sample of individuals through their responses to questions like who, how much, what, where, when, how many, and how, 50 units of questionnaires each were designed and administered to drivers, motorist and residents at various reference points on the road section to sought information on the effect of the devices on the drivers, motorist and residents. Measurement of the height, width, length and spacing of the device was also carried out with a Measuring tape and digital distance measuring wheel. The result shows that speed bumps in the study area have been effective in speed and accident reduction. However, the devices were not built to specification as the height, width, length, and spacing were at variance. In order to promote safety, it was thus advised that speed bumps be taken into consideration on roadways where concentrated generators of pedestrian activity are present for possible prevention of any unlawful placement of the device.

Keywords: Road Safety, Calming, Traffic Management, Speed bumps and Geometry

ABSTRACT
Access to quality health services determines human health and well-being, especially in this pandemic era. The objective of the study is to examine the factors that affect the utilization and accessibility of public healthcare services within selected local government areas in Benin City. The study adopted the use of 400 questionnaires, which were administered to respondents within the study area. ArcGIS 10 was used to depict health facility disparities within the city, while Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation was used to test healthcare utilization. The results indicate that public healthcare facilities are clustered in distribution, having a 0.28 nearest neighbour ratio. The public healthcare facilities are accessible and there are no shortages of healthcare within the study area. Socio-demographic variables such as gender, age, marital status, education, and employment at a were positively related to healthcare accessibility. Approximately 73% of patronage and the type of public healthcare facility influence facility utilization in the study area. Factors influencing accessibility and utilization of healthcare facilities are means of transportation, travel distance, and challenges within healthcare facilities. The quality of services at 48% improves healthcare utilization. This study recommends that health care facilities need to be maintained to encourage more patronage and better service delivery that includes a policy framework for the regular maintenance and provision of necessary equipment and infrastructure that would encourage accessibility and utilization of public healthcare facilities.

Keywords: Accessibility, utilization, public health facility, determinants, healthcare service

ABSTRACT
A 35-year annual rainfall was collected from NIMET to determine the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) and also to study the trend of rainfall parameter in the Kano State, Northern Nigeria. The paper captures the average rainfall (normal rainfall) data for thirty-five years period which implies a rainfall of about 1081.56mm. The positive values (above zero) signify rainfalls that were higher than normal (wet); while the negative values (below zero) imply rainfalls that were lower than normal (dry). From the rainfall anomaly, 18 years (52.9%) recorded wet due to the fact that rainfall occurred in those years were greater than the normal rainfall of 1081.56; while 16 years (47.1%) recorded dry because the rainfalls that occurred in those years were below normal rainfall. In the study, Weilbul method was used to determine the return period in order to predict the year of occurrence of maximum rainfall. In addition, Standard Precipitation Index was used to determine periods of dry, normal or wet temperatures. September 1991 recorded the minimum SPI value of -0.86 (moderately dry), while October 2011 recorded the maximum SPI value of 1.88 (moderately wet). This study is carried out because of the importance of agriculture in the region and to Nigeria at large. Kano state is well known to support food production in the country. Also, the presence of dams further buttresses this study. Dams have many purposes; one is agriculture during dry and wet season. It is observed that the rainfall in the basin has no definite pattern.

Keywords: Standard Precipitation Index (SPI), Statistical Analysis, Rainfall, Anomaly, Return period

ABSTRACT
Orange flesh sweet potato (OFSP) is one of the world’s most important food security-promoted root crops. Unfortunately, the crop is underutilized in Nigeria due to its poor storability technics and rapid deterioration in storage. To establish baseline data for its better storage and utilization for upgrading its value chain, an alternative approach of processing is thereby expedient to curb the menace. Thus, the nutritional evaluation of orange-fleshed sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) flour extracted from various processing techniques was evaluated. OFSP used for the study was sourced from National Root and Tubers Research Institute, Umudike, Nigeria. The experiment was carried out in the Department of Crop Production Laboratory, University of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Owerri, Nigeria. The three different processing techniques used were peeled; scratches peeled, and puree samples. The result of the proximate composition, mineral analysis of the flours and the puree showed significant differences among the samples evaluated. However, the crude protein content for both puree and scratched OFSP was insignificantly different. The puree sample recorded the highest protein content (5.48±0.24) and moisture content (85.95±3.89), respectively, and was closely followed by scratched OFSP with (5.02±0.01) while the least was recorded in the peeled sample (4.03±0.04). The study concluded that scratched OFSP through cabinet drier processing was considered the best alternative to the puree method of storage of orange-fleshed sweet potatoes and the best method of processing in areas where electricity is erratic or not available.

Keywords: Deterioration, Nutrient composition, Orange-fleshed Sweet Potato, Proximate composition, Puree.

ABSTRACT
The physicochemical characteristics of ground water (well) located at Obajana in Kogi Local Government Area (LGA) of Kogi State were investigated using standard methods. This study was conducted with the aim to determine the impacts of Dangote Cement factory activities located in the area. A total of four (4) ground water samples from different points and the physicochemical parameters and heavy metals were analysed. The pH value ranges from 6.62 – 7.97, total dissolved solids (TDS) values ranges from 320 – 890 mg/L, electrical conductivity (EC) values ranges from 581 – 850 mg/L, Phosphate ranges from 0.68 – 1.05 mg/L, Nitrate ranges from 5.94 – 6.49 mg/L. Turbidity ranges from 7.87 – 8.24 NTU, alkalinity ranges from 0.1 – 0.4 mg/L, dissolved oxygen ranges from 4.2 – 5.2 mg/L, total hardness ranges from 179 – 476.2 mg/L, CT ranges from 29.89 to 73.74 mg/L and temperature ranges from 27°C to 31°C. Metals like Arsenic ranges from 0.027 – 0.029 ppm, Lead ranges from 0.029 to 0.40 ppm, Zinc ranges from 0.002 to 0.006 ppm, Cadmium ranges from 0.061 to 0.074 ppm, Copper ranges from 0.002 to 0.006 ppm, while Iron ranges from 0.015 to 0.069 ppm, and Nickel ranges from 0.002 to 0.006 ppm. These results obtained fell within the maximum allowable limit set by the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality and World Health Organization for drinking water except for turbidity, dissolved oxygen, phosphate and electrical conductivity and also suggested the need to take adequate and necessary steps in regulating and monitoring of drinking water in settlement around industrial areas.

Keywords: Well water, physicochemical parameters, heavy metals, Obajana, cement

ABSTRACT
Exploring green energy options constitute a contemporary tenet in designing a sustainable future. This study investigated the independent variables (milling scales, types of fresh fruit bunches and seasons) that define the dynamics of biochemical methane potential (BMP) or bio-methane and organic content in palm oil mill effluent (POME) generated in ADAPALM (large-scale mill) and palm oil mills in its surrounding communities, located in Ohaji/Egbema LGA, Imo State, Nigeria. The eight communities that constitute ADAPALM were categorised into three strata in relation to the number of small-scale mills in each community (1-5mills, 6-10mills, 11-15mills). Besides the lone large and medium-scale mills, a small-scale mill was randomly sampled from a community in each stratum. Four homogenous samples of POME were collected from each mill for laboratory analysis of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC) and total carbon (TC) using standard methods for wastewater analysis. Prediction of BMP for each sample of POME composition and fraction of substrate used for cell synthesis (fs) wherein POME is classified was computed using biogas package. Data was analysed using tools of SPSS. Multiple linear regression reveals that there is a significant relationship between the predicted volume of BMP with milling scales and seasons (p<0.01), R²=0.927. Similarly, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) shows that the organic content of POME is significantly related to milling scales and seasons (p<0.01). At fs=8% in methanogenic condition, BMP is 22.800±0.282LCH₄/m³POME and 75.532±0.149LCH4/m3POME in the wet and dry seasons respectively. These respectively correspond to methane production capacity of 0.057±0.005KgCH₄/KgCOD and 0.014±0.001KgCH₄/KgCOD. The variance explained by the dependent variable (R²) indicates the importance of these independent variables in determining the BMP and organic content of POME in the area. The predicted dynamics of BMP and their associated wastewater composition provide useful tools in regulating the wastewater content and evaluating its feasibility for bio-energy development.

Keywords: Dynamics, Bio-methane, Prediction, POME, ADAPALM, Biogas package

ABSTRACT
The release of toxic gases and spills into the ecosystem prior to anthropogenic activities can increase the level of pollutants in hydrological systems. This possibly influences the number of harmful substances that percolate into aquifers. The drilling of polluted aquifers for domestic and drinking purposes and consuming such water untreated consequently increases the risk of developing water-related health issues. The study presents the quality and purification of groundwater samples in the Warri metropolis through water-quality analysis and biosand filtration method Aappropriatemethod (Appropriate Technology Enableds Development technique), respectively. The pH results were very low in all the groundwater samples presented with values ranging from 5.16±0.03 to 6.81±0.09, except for table water samples serving as controls. Total iron concentration was above the regulatory limits of 1.00 mg/L in some locations, recording concentrations between 0.758±0.340 mg/L and 1.204±0.740 mg/L. Groundwater samples contaminated with coliform bacteria were recorded in some locations. It suggests that the groundwater quality of the studied locations is relatively poor and unsafe for drinking untreated. This is possibly due to high hydrocarbon exploration and production activities, together with other anthropogenic activities in the area. Nevertheless, the filtration of the groundwater samples with biosand filter effectively improved the taste, reduced the iron content, removed particles, and eliminated microbial contaminations. However, the pH was relatively low after filtration and was further enhanced in the filtration with the carbon dots. The carbon dot filtration can be viewed as a better substitute to for granites in the filter beds of the biosand filter unit to influence pH conformance.

Keywords: Biosand filter, Carbon dots, Groundwater, Purification, Water quality

ABSTRACT
Digital imaging is a fast and reliable method for cultivar identification and discrimination. Computer seed digital imaging was utilized in this study to evaluate the differences in seed metric traits in ten genotypes of mung bean as affected by the seed production environment. A hundred seeds in each of the mung bean genotypes were subjected to digital imaging analysis using the ‘WinSEEDLE™’ software to differentiate the seed metric characters. For every replication, a hundred seeds were placed on the lighting hood in such a way that the embryo axis of the seed faces the image analysis system and the longitudinal axis runs parallel to the surface of the scanner. Seeds were automatically analyzed by the scanner and the image of the seed was recorded by the ‘WinSEEDLE™’. The procedure of hundred seeds placement on seed digital image was repeated three times for each genotype. The parameters observed were seed area, straight length, curve length, straight width, curve width, width length, and seed perimeter. Scan data collected from ‘WinSEEDLE™’ were subjected to analysis of variance and principal component analysis. The result revealed that the Mung bean genotypes evaluated were highly variable in all the seed metric traits evaluated. The study recommended that attention should be given to genotypes and seed production environments in the seed production of Mung bean. Genotypes Tvr-73, Tvr-27, Tvr-98, and Tvr-78 have been identified with consistent and high seed morphometric characteristic performance for most of the attributes examined, hence, can be important criteria in selecting superior seed physical traits and could be used as parental material, in the development of high seed yielding varieties.

Keywords: Genotypes, seed imaging, seed metric, seed quality, seed scanner, Mung bean

ABSTRACT
This paper examines the process involved in selecting outsourced consultants by the banking and telecommunication sectors in Lagos state, Nigeria with a view to providing information to aid the real estate consultants in their CRE outsourcing practice. The study comprised of all the commercial banks, merchant banks, non-interest banks and the major Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) organizations in Lagos, Nigeria. Primary data were obtained from 33 questionnaire that were distributed which represents the overall population of banks and telecommunication companies selected from the Nigerian Stock Exchange list and all questionnaire were retrieved which amounted to 100% retrieval rate due to accessibility and readiness to divulge information concerning their real estate operations. The data were analysed using mean deviation, frequency and percentage. The study showed that organisations adopt the World Bank procedures for selecting outsourced consultants. It further established that skills such as market knowledge (0.52), investment analysis (0.21) and negotiation (0.18) were the three most important skill needed to be possessed by consultants providing real estate services. Further findings revealed that overall professionalism (0.27) was the most important personal attribute to be possessed by the real estate consultant and that in choosing outsourced consultants organisations are influenced by factors such as proven track record and specialisation in the process to be outsourced. It was also established that the method used in identifying these consultants was through advertisement (78.79%). This study will aid corporate real estate consultants in identifying the processes involved in outsourcing and what qualities they need to possess so that they can meet up to the standard put in place for outsourcing by the various organisations in Nigeria.

Keywords: Banking, Telecommunications Sector, Corporate Real Estate, Outsourcing, Consultants

ABSTRACT
Nigerian forest resources are constantly threatened due to many anthropogenic activities and considering their importance in recycling oxygen, preventing erosion, biodiversity habitats etc. This study was carried out to determine the diversity and population status of trees. A 50km2 plot was studied using the line transect method, and the Point Centered Quartet technique was deployed to enumerate standing tree biomass. Total Height, Diameter at Breast Height and Crown cover were also measured and recorded. The results showed that 200 trees spread across fifteen (15) families and forty (40) species were identified. The Fabaceae Family had more representatives 12 (30%) while Bignoniaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Meliaceae, Sapotaceae, Rutaceae and Olecaceae had 1 (2.5%) representation each. Parkia biglobosa had highest abundance 37 (18.5%) while Anacardium ocidentale, Brachystegia eurycoma, Ceiba pentandra, Cocos nucifera, Combretum molle, Ficus thoninngii, Khaya senegalensis, Haematostaphis barterii, Lannea microcarpa, Limonia. acidissima, Mangifera indica, Mitragyna inermis, Nauclea latifolia, Newbouldia laevis, Psidium guajava and Tamarindus indica all recorded the least abundance of 1 (0.5%). Diversity indices of Hʹ=2.65 (North), Hʹ=2.49 (South), Hʹ=2.72 (East) and Hʹ=2.37 (West) were recorded. The results also showed that 90% of the tree species enumerated are in need of serious conservation efforts. Parkia biglobosa had the highest Importance Value (46.84%) while Psidium guajava recoded the least (2.21%). It was then concluded that trees in Bakin-dutse community of Ardo-kola LGA needs conserving, hence, we suggest that a concerted effort from Governmental Organizations, Non-Governmental Organization and the Local Community to curtail the rapid decline in the population of these important biodiversity resources.

Keywords: Biodiversity, Line, Transect, Point, Centered, Quartet

ABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to assess the water quality of the surface water body in the study area (Ikpoba River) in Benin City using the Geographic Information System (GIS). The present research involved the spatial analysis of water quality for four stations along the Ikpoba River in Benin City. The four stations were delineated using satellite images of Google Earth. At the same time, water samples were collected at these stations and the parameters such as Temperature, Turbidity, pH, Total Dissolved solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), COD, Biochemical BOD, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Zn, Cl, NH4N, Ca, Pb, SO4, Fe, Mg, NO3, PO4, and Total Hardness were analyzed in the laboratory. The analytical result of water samples was compared with WHO (World Health Organization) maximum permissible limits for the parameters tested and it was found that DO, TDS, EC, pH, NH4N, Zn, Ca, Mg, NO3, and Cl all fell below the WHO standard at all four points along the Ikpoba river. Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) was employed for the spatial analysis using ArcGIS software. The database for all spatial data was created using GIS interpolation according to the IDW method to obtain the spatial distribution of each selected water quality parameter. It was estimated and concluded that the quality of water from the four different stations on the river varies comparatively with the permissible limits given by WHO Standards, with only a few parameters falling below the acceptable limit and the spatial extent of water quality is changing with respect to the parameter and its values.

Keywords: Geographic Information System (GIS), Water Quality Analysis, Surface water quality parameters, Water Quality Index (WQI)

ABSTRACT
This study analysed the stress and displacement responses of an all-clamped rectangular thick plate subjected to a uniformly distributed load using polynomial displacement functions. A polynomial shear deformation function was incorporated in the determination of the general governing equations; hence, there is no need for shear correction factors. Approximate Polynomial Displacement Functions w, u, and v for all the clamped thick rectangular plates subject to transverse loading were obtained. Numerical results were obtained using displacement equations obtained from the literature for the non-dimensional form of displacements and stresses of an all clamped (CCCC) plate at different aspect and span-depth ratios to determine the efficiency of this theory. The results obtained were validated as they showed good agreement with the results obtained by other researchers available in literature. Hence, this theory can be used as a reliable, concise, easy and dependable means for the stress and displacement analysis of thick plates. The results obtained also indicate that at a span-depth ratio of 100 and above, the classical plate theory (CPT) can be used to analyse plates, as the numerical values obtained are approximately equal to that of the CPT.

Keywords: Shear deformation, Displacement, Stress, CCCC, Thick plate

ABSTRACT
The need for the estimation of the future state of electric power supply in the power system can no longer be avoided. This is due to the inevitable operational, maintenance, planning and expansion obligations of the power sector. In this work, the future trend of power supply by the 33kV feeders that supply power to the customers in the central part of Edo State, Nigeria was forecasted from 2020 to 2030 using Artificial Neural Network. The findings showed that there will be a 13.84% reduction in the power supplied by the utility provider by 2030 if the current trend was sustained. To avoid the adverse impact of such a negative performance by the power supplier, there is a need to increase system capacity by constructing mini grids and implementation of other contingency plans within the study area.

Keywords: Forecast, Nigeria Power Sector, ANN, Nigeria, NERC, Electric Power Load Forecasting

ABSTRACT
Housing is one of the three basic needs of man and is crucial to man’s survival. The goal of providing any type of shelter is to ensure maximum satisfaction and convenience for its users. Over the years, residents’ satisfaction with private housing estates in Nigeria has not attracted much attention from researchers, compared to public housing estates. This study therefore investigated residents’ perception of the quality of facilities and services provided in “The Residence”, Festac Town, Amuwo-Odofin, Lagos, Nigeria. This was done in order to determine the level of satisfaction of residents with the quality of facilities and services. The study’s objectives are to investigate the state of the building’s facilities and services and to ascertain residents’ perceptions of their housing environment in terms of maintenance and security. A total of 119 questionnaires was administered to the residents in the study area, and a response rate of 71% was achieved. The data obtained was analysed using descriptive statistical tools. Out of the 17 parameters presented to the residents, they ranked 3 as “excellent”, 13 as “very good” and 1 as “fair”. Moreover, the respondents admitted that the property is well-maintained (RII=0.917) and the maintenance personnel are skillful (RII=0.816). Finally, they also affirmed that “The Residence” is secure due to the presence of functional CCTV (RII=0.896), adequate number of security men (RII=0.868) and a reasonable restriction on visitors’ access to the building (RII=0.851). The study urged the managing agents of “The Residence” to pay constant attention to its facilities and services, which would result in enhanced long-term resident satisfaction. This study is expected to serve as a benchmark for investors in residential buildings, since it offers information on how privately-owned estates in Nigeria – and by extension in other developing nations – may be improved qualitatively.

Keywords: Facilities, Festac Town, Multi-unit Residential, Residents, The Residence

ABSTRACT
Understanding the Spatial distribution of ambient air quality in an active mining and solid mineral processing community is important in order to determine pollution hot spots and cold spots, as well as the trend. This will help Air Quality Managers to evaluate areas that are highly exposed to air pollution for mitigation purposes. In this study, dust particles in the form of ambient PM2.5, and PM10 were measured on weekly basis for a period of one year at 73 sampling points located in Ikpeshi, a mining and mineral processing community in Edo State, Nigeria using Double Parameter HoldPeak HP-5800D model Laser PM2.5 Meter. Geospatial data was also collected by means of Garmin GPSmap 78s model. The PM2.5 and PM10 data were preprocessed in MS Excel 2010 computer software to obtain the mean pollutant concentrations for the two parameters. The mean PM concentrations were analyzed and mapped using ArcGIS 10.0 software to generate various geostatistical surfaces to describe the ambient air pollution pattern and spatial distribution of pollutants in the community. The predicted mean concentrations ranged from 5.25 to 88.75µg/m3 for PM2.5 and 8.15 to 552.85µg/m3 for PM10. Mann-Kendall’s test showed that the observed pattern in ambient air quality exhibits a linear trend at 5% significant level with pollution hot spots found in the South-Eastern part of the community where the mills and quarries are domiciled while the cold spots appeared in the residential areas found in the North-Western part of the community. It was therefore concluded that the ambient air pollution pattern in the study area exhibits a linear south-east to north-west trend which is statistically significant at 5% level.

Keywords: Ambient air quality, Mining, Mann-Kendall, Geostatistical Analysis, Spatial distribution

ABSTRACT
This paper presents the study of crushed sandstones wastes (CSW) aiming at their utilization as main materials for the base layer of flexible pavements with series of geotechnical laboratory tests contained in American Society for Testing and Materials adopted for their evaluations. The tests conducted included particle size distribution, Atterberg limits, compaction characteristics, California bearing ratio, unconsolidated undrained compressive strength, free swell index and one-dimensional consolidation tests. Statistical analyses using proprietary computer software were used to investigate the spatial variations of the geotechnical data, and degrees of relationships that exist among the tested parameters. From the results, the Atterberg limits tests revealed intermediate plasticity with less than 35% fines (percentage passing No. 200 British Standard sieve) in majority of the samples; an indication of good highway materials. The relatively high maximum dry density, low optimum moisture content and high shear strength recorded by the tested CSW materials proved their usability in most road projects such as sub-base and subgrade. The strength indicators adopted to evaluate the validity of the CSW as pavement materials showed relatively high shear strength as the undrained cohesion values satisfy the requirement of greater than 103 kN/m2 values specified for base course materials. The empirical correlations analyses verified the influence of moisture on the strength parameters and gave a general overview of the geotechnical behaviors of the examined quarry wastes. Therefore, CSW materials are adjudge suitable but in order to achieve long term strength gain and stability especially in high volume applications, stabilizations will be required.

Keywords: Amasiri, Highway, Quarry waste, Subgrade, Moisture

ABSTRACT
Cabbage is a highly nutritious vegetable, yet faced with pest challenges. At present, synthetic pesticides are the major control measure and this has some side effects such as; resistance by pest, adverse effect on non-target organisms and hazardous effects on environment. All these problems bring the sustainability of ecosystem to danger. Exploring varietal mixture of cabbage as an alternative for sustainable pest management of cabbage was investigated during the rainy (April, – August 2020) and dry (November, 2020 – March, 2021) seasons. Treatments consisted of Purple-ball, GloriaF1, Oxylus (sole each and mixture) in ratio 1:1 respectively, all raised in nursery beds and transplanted to treatment plots, given a total of 7 treatments, all laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates each. The insect associated with the crop were sampled using sweep net, pitfall traps and the mechanical hand-picking methods. The phytochemical components of each variety were also carried out. Results showed that cabbage which was mixed with purple-ball variety showed reduced attack by insects as compared with Gloria and Oxylus planted sole. This could be attributed to the higher value of cardiac glycoside, tannins, steroids and anthraquinone in Purple-ball variety than other varieties. These compounds are responsible for plant defence which may have caused the low insect population in Purple-ball variety. The yields from Purple-ball variety plots in both seasons were however significantly lower compared with other varieties in both seasons. Notwithstanding, the yield from the mixture of purple-ball with other varieties was not significantly different from others. Therefore, the inclusion of Purple-ball variety in GloriaF1 and Oxylus production is recommended as this may serve as a natural defence against insect pests. Also, the use of this cropping system is not only effective but inexpensive and safe for human health and the environment relative to synthetic insecticides.

Keywords: Cabbage varieties, Crop mixtures, Pest management, Sustainable, feeding guilds, Phytochemical composition

ABSTRACT
The concentration and contamination levels of some heavy metals in Fadama soils utilized for agricultural activities within the vicinity of dumpsites in Lokoja were assessed and presented. The reconnaissance was conducted, and soil samples were collected from four different locations to test the type of soil and heavy metal content. Simple random sampling technique was adopted for plot selections, soil samples were analyzed with atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The value of the Zn content ranged between 37.10mg/kg at Banda and 50.96mg/kg at Kabawa, Mn ranged between 212.92mg/kg at Nataco and 452.14mg/kg at Kabawa. Iron ranged between 1071.80mg/kg at Banda and 1913.40mg/kg at Nataco. Cu and Pb level vary little amongst the different plots, from 3.56mg/kg at Ganaja to 6.84mg/kg at Nataco and 1.80mg/kg at Banda to 3.38mg/kg at Nataco. The heavy metals did not show significant correlation with the particle size fractions and organic matter of the soil. The heavy metals of respective plots were very low compared to European Union maximum permissible level; suggesting that the level of metals in this study are not threatening for now, but there is need for continuous monitoring to checkmate future trend for agricultural sustainability.

Keywords: Contamination, Fadama Soils, Heavy metals, Particle size distribution, Lokoja

ABSTRACT
The threat of urban fire disaster has been and is still a serious problem in Kano metropolis resulting to increased risk exposure of human and properties, thereby rendering the metropolis unsafe for business, residence and recreational activities. This study examined the spatio-temporal patterns of fire disaster and it causes and consequences. The study adopted a mixed method integrating quantitative and geospatial data from various sources. Fire incidents data (2009-2019) was obtained from the records of the existing fire stations and subjected to Global Positioning System (GPS) surveying for spatial mapping. Three fire incident clusters were identified and selected within which questionnaire survey was conducted. Coefficient of Variance and simple percentages were used for the qualitative data analysis. The result revealed the influence of space-time relationships in fire disaster recurrence throughout the period of study. Annual incident trend indicated general increase in occurrence of fire disaster. Seasonally, the trend revealed the highest incidents during the cool and dry season (32%). Diurnally, there were more fire incidents in the morning (26%) and evening hours (24.7%) than in the early night hours (8.8%) due to low temperatures especially during the cool and dry season. Electric related problems and negligence constituted the dominant causes of fire disaster which is being responsible for about 36% and 73% of the total incidents recorded respectively. Residential and commercial landuses experienced the highest number of fire disaster with about 72% and 14% respectively. It is concluded that recurrence of fire disaster in Kano metropolis is influenced by space-time relationship and landuse. Massive enlightenment campaign on fire disaster prevention and preparedness measures should be embarked on especially within the high population density residential areas, stressing on negligence and electric related faults as the two major causes of fire outbreaks within the metropolis.

Keywords: Incident Density, Space-time Relationship, Landuse, Fire hub, Fire Season

ABSTRACT
This paper investigated climate change-associated agricultural losses, food scarcity and adaptation strategies in the freshwater and mangrove swamps of Delta State in the Niger Delta region. A total of 1600 respondents were selected comprising 800 respondents equally selected from two local government areas per ecological zone. Structured questionnaire was used to collect data for this study. Findings show that a combination of loss of farm land and inputs and crop failure mainly accounts for agricultural losses due to climate change while flooding is primarily responsible for food losses due to climate change in both ecological zones. Purchase of food within and outside the community account for over 80% and 74% of the respondents main sources of food during climate change incidence in the freshwater and mangrove swamps respectively. Dietary management, change of occupation and livelihood diversification account for over 80% of the respondents coping strategies against climate change-induced food shortage in the freshwater swamps while dietary management, out migration and relief materials make up over 65% of the respondents adaptation strategies in the mangrove swamps. While the paper recommends ecological zone-specific prioritization in tackling climate change-induced agricultural losses and food shortage, there should be provision of nutrition education for households in both ecological zones.

Keywords: Climate Change, Agriculture, Food, Adaptation, Niger Delta

ABSTRACT
Income variability plays a determinant factor in the volume of waste materials generated. The research examined the variability of household income on the volume of waste materials generated by residents in Benin City. The objective of the study was to examine the variabilities of household income on the volume of solid waste generated in the study area. Primary data were obtained from 25 selected communities which comprise 110 settlements from the 3 Local Government areas that constitute Benin City. A total of 1,781 copies of questionnaires were administered in the 768 pollen unit stations and 192,250 numbers of registered voters were used for this study. Systematic sampling techniques from the selected streets and houses were used for the study. In each of the selected streets 2nd, middle and 2nd to the last households were administered questionnaires. Secondary data were sourced from published and documentary materials. The 2-way ANOVA statistical techniques were used for the study. On examinations, the results revealed that income variabilities, number of persons per household and economic determinants have positive impacts on the volumes of waste materials generated. High-income earners consumed more packaged products and by implication generate a huge volume of waste items and vice versa. The correlation analysis between monthly income and waste materials generation revealed that a 99% level of significance and relationship exists between monthly income and waste materials generation (r = 0.82). The Sum of Squares and Mean squares between Groups and Within Groups were 3.606 and 1.802 for the former and 3237.861 and 1.994 for the latter respectively. Furthermore, since the P-values are less than 0.5 level of significance, there was no significant variation (0.000) in the variability in household income and volume of waste materials generated among residents of the study area.

Keywords: Assessment, Variability, Household Income, Volume of Solid Waste Materials Generated