ABSTRACT

This study evaluates the use of Ziziphus abyssinica knot (ZAK) aggregate as a partial replacement for coarse aggregate in concrete. Laboratory tests assessed the mechanical and workability properties of concrete mixes incorporating ZAK aggregate at varying replacement levels. Results show that concrete with up to 5% ZAK aggregate achieves the required compressive, tensile and flexural strengths at 28 days, with only minor reductions compared to control mixes. The optimal replacement level was identified as 5%, where strength properties remained within acceptable limits. The findings indicate that ZAK aggregate is a viable, sustainable alternative to conventional aggregate, offering potential environmental benefits by reducing reliance on quarried materials. Further enhancement of concrete properties may be achieved through the use of admixtures. This research highlights the potential of innovative, eco-friendly materials in sustainable construction.

Keywords: Sustainability, Durability, Porosity, Lightweight and Agro-waste

ABSTRACT

This study investigates the socio-economic factors influencing residential rental values across Ilorin Metropolis, Nigeria, comprising Ilorin West, Ilorin East, Ilorin South, and Asa Local Government Areas. A multi-stage sampling technique was adopted using the National Social Register, from which a sample of 396 households was derived via Yamane’s formula. Stratified random sampling was used to select households, while real estate professionals were purposively included. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression models. The study examines income, household size, accommodation type, transport mode, commuting distance, infrastructure availability, and residential location. The findings indicate that annual income is the most consistent and statistically significant predictor of rental values across all LGAs. In Asa LGA. The income showed a strong positive relationship with rent (β = 0.880, p < 0.001), explaining 79.4% of rental variation (R² = 0.794). In Ilorin South, income (β = 0.568, p < 0.001), transport mode (p = 0.037), location (β = 0.277, p = 0.015), and infrastructure (β = -0.273, p = 0.014) were significant predictors (Adjusted R² = 0.372). In Ilorin East, both income (B = 0.321, p < 0.001) and infrastructure availability (₦103,807.16, p < 0.001) significantly influenced rent, with an Adjusted R² of 0.398. Similarly, in Ilorin West, income (B = 0.328, p < 0.001) and infrastructure (₦107,436.51, p < 0.001) were key predictors (Adjusted R² = 0.403). Other variables such as household size, accommodation type, and transport mode were not significant in most cases. The study concludes that income, infrastructure, and accessibility critically shape rental housing patterns and recommends that housing policies consider income levels and encourage the development of well-planned estates on city outskirts through joint public-private initiatives.

Keywords: Accommodation, Socio-Economic, Rental value, Ilorin Metropolis, Property Owner, Real Estate

ABSTRACT

Globally, water scarcity is a limiting factor for most socio-economic and livelihood activities. Land use activities such as farming contribute to surface water pollution. This study assessed the quality of surface water quality in the Metsimotlhabe catchment area in order to determine its suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes. Eighteen water samples were collected and analysed for pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids and salinity. Macronutrients calcium , magnesium, potassium, Sodium and heavy metals namely aluminium, cadmium, Cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, manganese,  nickel, lead and  zinc were analysed using Agilent 4210 Microwave Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrophotometer. To determine the suitability of the water for drinking and irrigation, BOS 365: 2010 Drinking water for livestock and poultry, BOS 463:2011  and BOS 32:2015 were used. Ca ranged from 11.50- 75.10 mg/L. Mg varied from 3.10 – 20.50 mg/L while K ranged from 2.20 – 24.70 mg/L. The order of heavy metal concentrations was Cd < Cr < Co < Ni < Cu < Zn < Pb < Mn < Fe <Al.  Water from Moshana, Ramoshengwane, Mosopa, and Mmanoko Rivers was deemed suitable for drinking. Water from most of the sampling sites exceeded BOS 32:2015 and BOS 463:2011 but was suitable for livestock and poultry production. Microbiological analysis is required to confirm the suitability of the water for drinking. Livelihood activities and different land use activities influence the water quality. Regular monitoring of the different water sources in the Metsimotlhabe catchment is recommended in order to achieve Sustainable Development Goals.

Keywords: Surface water pollution; Metsimotlhabe catchment; Water quality; Heavy metals; Drinking water standards

ABSTRACT

Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) network, also called the CORS reference network, is a system of GNSS reference stations that provides accurate and reliable positioning data for diverse applications. The introduction of the network in many countries worldwide has provided improved access to positioning infrastructure in satellite positioning. CORS networks are usually faced with many challenges, which include antenna failure, atmospheric delay, instability, and data gap. Therefore, this study aims to utilise the data from the CORS network distributed across Benin Republic to perform 3-D forecasting to understand trends and propose possible intervention measures in case of significant failures or instability. To do this, exploratory and relevant advanced statistical methods were employed. The 80-20 rule for data splitting was used in the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) modelling of the CORS data to conduct model testing and evaluation. The Box-Jenkin’s procedure was adopted for the training data, whilst correlation coefficient was used to validate the testing data. From the results projected by the expert modeller and analysed through autocorrelogram plots, the most effective models to forecast the 3-dimensional coordinates for BJCO CORS are ARIMA (1, 1, 2), ARIMA (0, 1, 19) (1, 0, 1), and ARIMA (4, 1, 10). The accuracy metrics and residual diagnostics indicate that these models are suitable and effective for 3-dimensional data forecasting at a 95% confidence level. The correlation range of 0.729 to 0.996 demonstrates a strong positive relationship between the training and testing samples. This study has developed a model that provides the platform for continuous monitoring of the IGN-BJ CORS to ensure the reliability and usability of the network. This information is critical to fulfilling African Geodetic Reference Frame (AFREF) objectives.

Keywords: BJCO, Forecasting, ARIMA, CORS, Autocorrelation, Stationarity, Seasonality

ABSTRACT

High-rise buildings are tall engineering structures constructed in different forms for diverse purposes. They are essential to optimise the available land resource for different land uses. Building multi-storey and high-rise buildings requires proper monitoring of the vertical alignment both at construction and post-construction stages to ensure structural integrity. Diverse geomatics techniques ranging from classical to modern approaches are used for this purpose. However, the recent tragic building collapses across the world, Nigeria inclusive, underscores the critical importance of structural monitoring. A key factor contributing to these collapses is deviation from through vertical alignment. This study investigates the verticality of four selected multi-storey buildings within the Faculty of Engineering, University of Lagos (UNILAG) to inform structural integrity. A high-precision robotic total station was used to precisely capture the vertical alignment of the buildings, whilst the processing was done in the MATLAB environment. Following a rigorous geometric design, the coordinates of the building edges were acquired. Angular deviations were computed between the coordinates of the top and bottom of the buildings to verify their vertical alignment. The results obtained provided useful information about the monitored buildings. The two newly vertically extended buildings within the faculty maintained their vertical alignment to a great extent. However, the older buildings have a better vertical alignment (maximum angular deviation of 0.13º) compared to the newly vertically extended buildings (maximum angular deviation of 0.85º). This knowledge of the deviations from perfect verticality is crucial to monitoring any multi-storey building. The findings provide valuable insights into the structural reliability of multi-storey engineering structures and adherence to construction plans in the evaluated buildings. The research also highlights the effectiveness of total stations for high-accuracy measurements in such applications.

Keywords: Monitoring, Verticality, Coordinates, As-built, Buildings, MATLAB

ABSTRACT

Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) are essential for various applications, including urban planning, environmental monitoring and resource management. However, the accuracy of DEMs is influenced by terrain characteristics and land cover variations. This study assesses the vertical accuracy of UAV-derived DEM in FUTA Campus, Akure, Nigeria, focusing on different land cover types and terrain slopes. The goal of the study is to evaluate how these variations affect DEM accuracy and to determine the effectiveness of Ground Control Points (GCPs) in enhancing spatial accuracy. UAV imagery was acquired using the DJI Phantom 4 Pro, and photogrammetric processing was conducted with GCPs for georeferencing. The study analysed vertical accuracy in bare land, built-up areas, light vegetation, and thick vegetation found within plain, rolling, and steep terrains. Findings revealed that bare land in plain terrains exhibited the highest DEM accuracy having the lowest RMSE value of 1.032 m. In contrast, thick vegetation in steep slopes showed higher RMSE value of 3.823 m, reflecting greater elevation errors. These results highlight the challenges posed by complex terrains and dense vegetation in DEM generation. In conclusion, while UAV-based photogrammetry offers cost-effective and accessible solutions for DEM generation, integrating complementary techniques such as LiDAR and employing advanced image processing algorithms can improve accuracy in challenging environments. The study recommends the continued use of GCPs, tailored data collection approaches, and the application of findings in urban planning and environmental management.

Keywords: Digital Elevation Model (DEM), Ground Control Points (GCPs), Land Cover, Terrain Characteristics, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), Vertical Accuracy

ABSTRACT

Onitsha Main Market, a bustling commercial hub in southeastern Nigeria, faces severe parking challenges. This study investigates the causes, consequences, and potential solutions to the parking problem. Relevant literature on the research topic were reviewed, where gap in literature was centered on the use of green roof, multi-story building parking and other relevant alternatives in solving the problem of parking in the study area. The aim of the study was achieved by assessing the existing parking infrastructure, finding factors responsible for parking problems at Onitsha main market, and recommending a practical and sustainable solution. This study employed a mixed-methods approach, combining surveys, interviews, and observational data. A total of 400 questionnaires were administered using a purposive sampling technique only 397 were valid and computed. Data were analyzed using tables, percentages, and frequency counts. The results revealed that key factors contributing to parking issues in the area include lack of proper parking space 40%, over population of vehicles 31% and high parking cost 25%. The findings reveal that practical and sustainable solution to parking challenges in Onitsha main market includes; provision and location of parking facilities 29%, enforcement of traffic rules and regulation by disciplined law enforcement agents 38% and introduction of information technology 33%.The study recommended a comprehensive solution framework  for Local planning authorities in specifying and enforcing the provision of adequate parking space, enforcement of rules and regulations binding the vehicular traffic operations and the use of computers and other information technological tools for traffic monitoring.

Keywords: Parking infrastructure; Traffic; Trading; Transportation; Parking; Market; Infrastructure.

ABSTRACT

Sustainable landfill site selection is a critical component of effective waste management, particularly in the context of increasing municipal and industrial waste generation. This systematic review synthesizes the criteria and methodologies employed in landfill site selection over the past decade (2015–2024), drawing from 50 peer-reviewed studies. Five papers were randomly selected from each year; this approach resulted in a balanced representation of literature. The review identifies environmental, socio-economic, and technical criteria as the most commonly used factors in site selection, with proximity to surface water, road networks, and slope being the most frequently considered, at 90%, 88%, and 80%, respectively. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) became the main tool used in 96% of the studies, often combined with Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) methods like the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and fuzzy logic. The review also highlights the underutilization of hydrogeological, geotechnical, and artificial intelligence learning approaches, which are crucial for comprehensive environmental assessments and advanced decision-making. Regional trends reveal a strong focus on Asia and Africa, where rapid urbanization and industrialization drive the need for sustainable waste management solutions. The findings underscore the importance of integrating advanced technologies, real-time data, and stakeholder engagement to enhance the robustness and applicability of landfill site selection methodologies. This study provides a comprehensive overview of current practices, identifies research gaps, and offers recommendations for future research to improve sustainable landfill siting.

Keywords: Waste, Landfill Site Selection, Methodology, Criteria, Sustainability, Systematic Review

ABSTRACT

Accurate soil moisture monitoring is essential for agricultural planning, climate forecasting, and hydrological management. Traditional in-situ methods, while precise, suffer from limited spatial coverage and are resource-intensive. Satellite remote sensing offers a broader alternative but often lacks the local calibration required for precise applications. This study presents a machine learning-based calibration approach that enhances the accuracy of satellite-derived soil moisture data for Nigeria, focusing on data from the International Soil Moisture Network (ISMN) and Tropical Applications of Meteorology using Satellite data (TAMSAT). Ground-based soil moisture data from the two ISMN stations in Nigeria; FUTA-Akure and FedPolyIle-Oluji, Ondo state, were used alongside corresponding TAMSAT estimates. Several machine learning algorithms were explored for calibration, including Linear Regression, Support Vector Regression, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, and Neural Networks. Among these, Gradient Boosting emerged as the most accurate model, validated through metrics such as RMSE, MAE, MARE, and correlation coefficients. Hyperparameter tuning further enhanced its performance, ensuring generalisability across different ecological zones. The results demonstrated high prediction accuracy at both sites, with RMSE values as low as 0.02005 and correlation coefficients exceeding 0.77. The calibrated product exhibited strong agreement with in-situ measurements, significantly reducing satellite data biases. This calibrated model supports improved irrigation scheduling, climate adaptation strategies, and land management policies in Nigeria. However, the study also highlights the challenges posed by sparse in-situ data and extreme events, which may limit generalisability.

Keywords: Soil moisture, Satellite calibration, Machine learning, Gradient Boosting, Remote sensing

ABSTRACT

Accurately estimating groundwater recharge is crucial for the sustainable management of water resources, especially in semi-arid regions where groundwater is the main source of clean water. This research employs two methods, the Chloride Mass Balance (CMB) and the Rainfall Infiltration Breakthrough (RIB) method, to assess recharge rates in the basement complex aquifers of Jigawa State northwestern Nigeria. Samples of borehole water and rainwater were gathered from 11 purposively selected sites, and several physicochemical parameters were analyzed using ion chromatography, spectrophotometry, and titration techniques. The findings reveal a stronger alignment between the two methods with regard to the rate of recharge. The estimated recharge rates were 12.35 mm/year (CMB) and 15.8 mm/year (RIB). The lower recharge value from CMB suggests a more cautious estimate, incorporating losses from evapotranspiration and surface runoff, while the RIB method reflects the portion of rainfall that contributes to replenishing groundwater. The results emphasize the importance of integrating different methods and validating them with hydrogeological data to enhance recharge assessments in fractured basement aquifers. This study highlights the need for using multiple techniques to inform groundwater management strategies and policy development in regions facing water scarcity.

Keywords: Ground Water Recharge, Semi-Arid Region, CMB, RIB, Water Scarcity

ABSTRACT

The Wavelet Power Spectrum (WPS) was applied to analyze the geomagnetic indices (Eastward Asymmetry Magnetic Field, ASY–D, Horizontal Asymmetry Magnetic Field ASY–H, Eastward Symmetry Magnetic Field, SYM–D and Horizontal Symmetry Magnetic Field SYM–H). The data used was obtained from the Flight Center Space Physics Data Facility (GSFC/SPDF) and includes one-minute dataset from January 1st to December 31st, 2014, during the solar maximum. The WPS of the geomagnetic indices displayed temporal variability throughout the geomagnetic storm period. It was noted in January that the dominance of storms at SHM-H was observed at the start of the month, but there occurred relatively little dominance at SMM-D, ASY-H, and ASY-D. Similarly, the enhancement of storms in SYM-H were significant during the middle and towards the ends of the month of February, little enhancement of storms occurred in SHM-D and ASY-D during the middle of the month while ASY – H shows no enhancement of storms. Also, significant in SYM- H and ASY-H was observed towards the end of the month while SYM – D and ASY – D show that the storm commenced during the early of the month and towards the end of the month in March.  The enhancement of the geomagnetic storms varies from month to month, and the intensity of the storms fluctuates in SYM-H, ASY-H, SYM-D and ASY-D. This event may be attributed to coronal mass ejections for the period of high solar activity. These fluctuations in the geomagnetic indices during storms may also be attributable to uneven features in the longitudinal distribution of the solar source region, particularly in the context of coronating interaction region (CIR) signatures that contribute to geomagnetic storm formation.

Keywords: Geomagnetic indices, Wavelet power spectrum, Magnetic field, solar maximum, Ommiweb

ABSTRACT

This study explores local gravimetric geoid modelling using the Stationary Structured Least Squares Collocation (SLSC) technique across varied Nigerian terrains. Akure South in Ondo State, a mountainous area, and the Gombe-Kolmani Basin in Gombe State, with gentle-rolling terrain, were selected for geoid determination. To ensure accuracy, terrestrial gravity data, geopotential models, and high-quality digital elevation models (DEMs) were acquired from the source. The method was applied within a Remove-Compute-Restore (R-C-R) framework, integrated with the Molodensky model, and three covariance functions Gaussian, Exponential, and Matern were evaluated to determine optimal fits for each terrain type. Results indicated that in Akure’s mountainous terrain, the Matern covariance model provided the best fit, with a standard deviation of 1.711825m, while in Gombe’s gently-rolling landscape, the Exponential model performed optimally, with a standard deviation of 0.352219m. The comparison of GGM reveals that the SGG-UM-2 dataset in Akure yielded a standard deviation of 1.538476m, while TANDEM-DEM in Gombe resulted in 0.352285m. Akure’s results were validated by comparison with existing gravimetric and GPS/levelling models, revealing significant differences likely due to variations in global geopotential models and DEM datasets used. In Gombe, a high correlation with orthometric heights was found, though significant differences warrant further investigation. The study concludes that the Matern model should be prioritized in mountainous regions like Akure, while the Exponential is preferable when large datasets are involved for gentle-rolling terrains like Gombe, providing a dependable approach to geoid modelling within Nigeria for precise geodetic and geophysical applications.

Keywords: Least Squares Collocation; Stationary; Covariance; Molodensky Integral; Varied Terrain

ABSTRACT

This research produces AZO thin films through AACVD technology with N₂ as the carrier gas and analyzed the structural and optical effects and morphological changes that occur from 0% to 20% Al doping. The AACVD deposition process occurred at 400°C to form thin films which received subsequent annealing at 450°C under a nitrogen environment. The X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis showed excellent crystallinity which produced intense peak signals at (220) and (311) and (222). The films developed smaller crystallites and higher numbers of dislocations because the increased Al doping levels generated increased lattice strain and structural defects. The thickness measurements using profilometry recorded 102 nm in undoped ZnO and 115 nm in 20% Al-doped ZnO samples. UV absorbance measurements showed enhanced peak intensities that became more pronounced in the samples doped at 5% and lower concentrations. The ZnO bandgap energies increased gradually from 3.21 eV in pristine ZnO to 3.33 eV with 20% Al doping due to the Burstein–Moss effect. Higher levels of doping exceeding 15% expanded the optical activity range across multiple wavelengths to boost the films suitability in optoelectronics. This study shows that employing nitrogen as a carrier gas affects the properties of AZO thin films by creating higher dislocation densities and causing minor film thickness expansion. The films are good candidates for transparent conductive oxide (TCO) uses because they have a tuned optical bandgap and better transparency at certain doping levels. The enhanced optical properties and structural stability suggest that these films could be integrated into solar cells for improved light absorption, utilised in displays for enhanced transparency and conductivity, and applied in smart windows for dynamic light modulation.

Keywords: Aluminium-doped Zinc Oxide (AZO), Optical properties, Aerosol-Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition (AACVD), Nitrogen carrier gas and Bandgap

ABSTRACT

Heavy metal contamination in foods has become a major public health concern due to increasing industrial and agricultural activities. This study quantified selected metals such as Hg, Mn, As, Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, and Zn in commonly consumed formulated baby foods and some of the adult foods. The results were used to estimate daily dietary intake and assess the associated health risks.  Different forms of food items for both adults (flour based, pasta, spaghetti) and babies (branded formulated baby foods) were severally collected and digested then analyzed using Perkin Elmer model 1100B Atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The obtained results indicate that most of the food items analyzed contain high concentration of metals; this resulted into higher daily dietary intake of the quantified metals. The hazard quotient exceeded the acceptable threshold of 1.0, indicating significant health risks. The study established the fact that most of the food items studied may pose significant health risks in a long time for both the adults and infants. Future research should investigate the sources of these metal contaminants and potential mitigation strategies.    

Keywords: Cancer, Toxicity, Dietary, Health Risk, Environment, Pollutants, Carcinogenic

ABSTRACT

Shallow groundwater which is easily accessed through hand dug wells are susceptible to contamination due to the closeness of the source to contaminants such as heavy metal ions, nitrate ion and pathogens. This study assessed the impact of anthropogenic activities on water quality of selected hand dug wells in Bwari One hundred and ninety four (194) hand dug wells were located in the area, and stratified random sampling method was used to select thirty three (33) wells from which water samples were acquired and taken to the laboratory for analysis using Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) method for heavy metal ions and the Multi-tube fragmentation method for microbiological analysis. The data acquisition procedures was strictly based on APHA 2009 and WHO 2011 guidelines. Six Boreholes used as controls were also sampled. Heavy metals ion analyzed were Cadmium (Cd), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe), Mercury (Hg), Arsenic (As), Lead (Pb) and the observation compared to the WHO standards. The result from Nitrate Pollution Index (NPI), Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) and Water Quality Index (WQI) showed that most of the wells and few of the boreholes were contaminated by heavy metals and pathogens. However, the quality of water from the boreholes were better than that of the hand dug wells supposedly due to the closeness of the wells to anthropogenic activities on the surface. It is therefore recommended that the central sewage management system in Abuja Municipal Area council should be extended to the study area and the establishment and enforcement of standards for location, construction and operation of wells.

Keywords: Groundwater. Heavy Metal Pollution Index, Nitrate Pollution Index, Anthropogenic, Contaminant

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the use of untreated timber planks as formwork material and their adverse effects on reinforced concrete beams. Untreated timber planks, marine plywood, and steel were used as formwork to construct reinforced concrete beams measuring 900 mm × 150 mm × 100 mm. To simulate the specifications of ACI 347R-14, the planks were pre-soaked to reduce water absorption from the fresh concrete. The beams were reinforced with 2#8 bars in the tensile zone and 2#6 bars in the compressive zone, while #4 mild steel bars bent into rectangular shapes were used to resist shear forces. The concrete mix was designed to achieve a target compressive strength of C20/25 MPa with a water-to-cement ratio of 0.5. The casting, curing, and testing procedures followed ASTM C192 for making and curing concrete test specimens. The beam samples were subjected to three-point loading to assess their load resistance and deflection, in accordance with ASTM C78/C78M guidelines. Results showed that steel formwork provided the best performance, followed by marine plywood. The use of untreated timber plank formwork resulted in a significant reduction in the load-carrying capacity of the concrete beams, approximately 10% less compared to those cast with steel formwork. This reduction is attributed to the inherent properties of wood, such as its tendency to deform under load, variability in quality, and susceptibility to damage during casting and curing. Additionally, pre-soaking untreated timber plank formwork did not significantly improve the bending strength of the beams.

Keywords: Plank, steel, Formwork, ductility, Stiffness, Strength, Untreated

ABSTRACT

Population explosion coupled with urban land use activities cause strain on soil quality. This study evaluated public perception and experience of urban land use soil pollution risks in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. The salient objectives were to assess public awareness of urban land use soil pollution; evaluate public perception of the ecological risks of soil pollution; and examine human health risks and experience caused by soil pollution. This study used the stratified sampling technique. Data collected through questionnaire survey of 400 adult respondents across eight land use neighbourhoods in each of the two urban zones (urban core zone and suburban zone) of Benin City were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results revealed that a greater proportion (98.50%) of the respondents were aware of what soil pollution is, and identified municipal waste and auto-mechanic sites as the major land use drivers of soil pollution in Benin City. It was also revealed that the respondents had a fairly good understanding of the ecological and human health risks of soil pollution. The major health challenge they experienced due to soil pollution was irritation of the eyes, nose and throat. Respondents could also identify some mitigation strategies against soil pollution such as proper waste management and participation in community clean up. The investigation concluded that the respondents’ perception and experience of the risks and mitigation strategies to urban land use soil pollution were a reflection of what is obtainable in their local environment. It was recommended that researchers should build their interest in qualitative studies of soil pollution, and that continuous public sensitization of urban land soil pollution risks should be sustained. Empirical investigations through soil laboratory analysis of the land uses in the examined neighbourhoods was also recommended. 

Keywords: Land use, Public perception, Risks, Soil pollution, Urban core

ABSTRACT

The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) has become an essential tool for positioning, navigation, and timing applications across various fields, including surveying, geodesy, transportation, and environmental monitoring. The study evaluates the positional accuracy of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations in Southern Africa. The study was carried out using Trimble Total Control (TTC) software. The Receiver Independence Exchange (RINEX) raw data and the Final orbital (ephemeris) data were obtained from two websites, the Scrip Orbit and Permanent Array Centre (SOPAC) and the International GNSS Service (IGS) for some Day of the Year (DoY) 12, 44 and 68 in 2016, 186 and 195 in 2017 and 001, 002 in 2018 respectively. The baseline positions of these stations from the control point (harb) were processed using the static method at 30-second intervals. A biased adjustment method was adopted for the adjustment of the processed baselines. The result of the network shows no difference between the approximate positions of the stations as of the time they were established and the processed data of the positions of these stations.  Similarly, the long baseline from harb-nklg has the highest standard deviation of 0.0691 m in the Northings, 0.1052 m in the Eastings and 0.0355 m in the Height. In contrast, the short baseline from harb – rbay has the lowest standard deviation of 0.0152 m in the Northings, 0.0178 m in the Eastings and 0.0079 m in the Height. This suggests that long baselines are more susceptible to errors than short baselines, affecting the GNSS stations’ positions.

Keywords: Assessment, Positional Accuracy, GNSS, RINEX, TTC

ABSTRACT

Naturally occurring coagulants made from plants have become viable options for sewage treatment in the search for environmentally friendly solutions. The high resource and chemical input requirements of traditional treatment approaches can compromise their sustainability and cost- effectiveness. The study investigated the optimal dosage of maize and moringa oleifera seeds as plant-based coagulants for enhancing wastewater treatment effluent quality. Moringa oleifera and maize seeds were chosen as natural coagulants in this investigation since they are both locally available plant -based materials. Jar test experiments were conducted to obtain comprehensive data on the coagulants’ effectiveness under varying conditions.  A combination of maize seeds and Moringa oleifera extracted were mixed in optimal proportions and added to wastewater samples. Chemical characteristics, microbiological analysis, and sedimentation rates were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the mixed seed extracts.  The study evaluated the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of maize seeds and Moringa oleifera in wastewater treatment, aiming to promote a sustainable and eco-friendly approach. The results indicated that a composite coagulant of 20g + 40g of these ingredients is optimal, reducing reliance on synthetic chemicals like alum and minimizing ecological impact of wastewater discharge.

 Keywords: Wastewater Treatment, Coagulant, Maize seeds, Moringa oleifera, Cost-effective.

ABSTRACT

Variations in the amount of Ni, Fe, Zn, Pb, and Cd in the soil, water, guinea corn, soya bean, and millet from the Jatau-Garin Gabas community in Rafi Local Government Area of Niger State, Nigeria were studied during the dry season and wet season using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The study involved sampling soil and food crops from areas near mining sites and control locations, analyzing heavy metal levels using atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and using statistical analysis to determine mining’s impact on soil and crop contamination. The mean ranges of Ni, Fe, Zn, Pb, and Cd in the soil in the dry season were 5.03 – 16.06, 115.09 – 154.58, 26.22 – 64.37, 24.25 – 45.22, and 2.54 – 2.89 mg/kg respectively while in the wet season, the ranges were 4.61 – 10.34, 39.21 – 52.29, 12.67 – 41.71, 19.32 – 33.71 and 2.11 – 2.32 mg/kg respectively. The concentrations variation of the metals studied increased from wet to dry season at most of the sampling locations. The concentrations of the heavy metals in most of the soil samples analyzed were higher than the Federal Environmental Protection Agency FEPA (1991) maximum tolerable limits. The food crops had a relatively low transfer factor for the metals studied. This study showed that the soils within the vicinity of the mining site were polluted with heavy metals. Therefore, proper regulations and monitoring of mining activities in the studied area are required.

Keywords: Mining, Heavy metals, Soil, Water, Food Crops

ABSTRACT

This study analysed occupants’ window opening behaviour in naturally ventilated hostel buildings within a University campus in a tropical city in Nigeria, through the examination of physical characteristics of the hostel’s rooms; personal preferences regarding window opening behaviour of the occupants; and factors responsible for their window opening behaviour. 316 room occupants from hostels both at the core and at the fringes of the campus were selected for the study. Physical measurement and observation were used to document the rooms’ physical characteristics. These are window area, window sill height, bed height, external wall area, floor area, window type, wall material, and wall finishers. Questionnaire was used to acquire data regarding the socioeconomic and sociocultural characteristics of the respondents, their use of the spaces, interactions and preferences regarding the use of the window, and the rationale fundamental to those preferences. Some non-environmental factors like occupants’ age and socioeconomic status were found to influence occupants’ behaviour to a minimal extent. The most significant determinant was the extent to which the window is protected from solar radiation. This study concludes that, in students housing within tropical environments, environmental factors are more reliable in predicting the interaction of occupants with windows.

Keywords: Naturally ventilated spaces, Occupants, Students hostels, Tropical environment, Window opening behaviour

ABSTRACT

Public housing design is crucial for urban development, especially in developing regions like Nigeria. This study explores the factors influencing women’s satisfaction with public housing in Ogun State, Southwest Nigeria. By examining socio-demographic characteristics, physical space adequacy, and specific housing attributes, we aim to provide insights for improving public housing design. The study utilized a quantitative approach, collecting data from 120 women residing in Laderin and Ibara Housing Estates. Key findings reveal that age, marital status, household size, and income significantly impact housing satisfaction. Older women and married individuals reported lower satisfaction, possibly due to unmet evolving needs and higher domestic responsibilities. Larger households exhibited higher satisfaction, suggesting the importance of social support networks. Adequate room size, secure environments, and proximity to amenities were critical in enhancing satisfaction. Our results align with previous studies, emphasizing the need for spacious, well-designed living areas and secure, accessible locations. Addressing the specific needs of women in public housing design can promote gender equality and improve overall residential satisfaction. This study underscores the importance of incorporating gender-sensitive approaches in urban planning to create inclusive and sustainable living environments.

Keywords: Gender equality, housing attributes, public housing design, sustainable living environments, urban development, women’s satisfaction.

ABSTRACT

The appalling state of historical buildings in Ibadan, Nigeria, due to inadequate maintenance management poses a great threat to the sustenance of cultural and heritage activities in Ibadan, Nigeria. This study assesses the physical condition and operational state and determines the preferred state of selected historical buildings in Ibadan, Nigeria. The study was conducted using questionnaires. The data collected through the questionnaires were processed and analyzed using SPSS (statistical programming for social sciences) software and Microsoft Excel. Descriptive analysis, relative condition index, and Kruskal Wallis test were used for the analysis. The research findings indicate there is a significant difference between the physical condition and the operational state of the selected historical buildings. Therefore, the selected buildings are in an average physical condition and operational state. The result revealed the preferred operational state of the selected historical buildings is being preserved and maintained. The study established adaptative reuse as an appraisal measure to improve the physical condition and operational state of historical buildings while preserving their originality. Professionals and policymakers should adopt and advocate for an adaptative reuse policy as a measure to improve the physical condition and operational state.

Keywords: Historical Building, Maintenance, Maintenance Management, Physical Condition, Operational state.

ABSTRACT

This review article focuses on the significant reliance on fuelwood as a major energy source in Nigeria. This widespread use; driven by poverty, availability and cultural believes, has far-reaching consequences as revealed by extensive literature survey. The heavy dependence on fuelwood as household cooking energy choice contributes to deforestation, environmental degradation and air pollution, posing serious health risks to users, particularly women and children who are often times directly exposed to these harmful pollutants. This paper highlights common air pollutants such as particulate matter, ozone, Sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide which significantly impart air quality and contribute to respiratory and other public health complications. Deforestation and land-use changes resulting from fuelwood consumption as household energy choice for cooking across selected places in the six-geopolitical zones of Nigeria are also discussed. This paper reveals the multifaceted impacts of fuel wood consumption in Nigeria by assessing the environmental and health consequences concurrently. It proffers sustainable alternatives and environmental conservation measures for a safe livelihood in Nigeria.

Keywords: Fuelwood, public health, respiratory diseases, air pollution, deforestation, land use land cover, Nigeria

ABSTRACT

Sand from fresh water is the mostly preferred natural resource considered as a fine aggregate in the production of mortar and concrete in Nigeria, particularly in Bayelsa State. The kind of fine aggregate that is used to make concrete might affect the properties of the concrete. This is because the fine aggregate varies in terms of shape and fineness. Civil engineers can specify the type of fine aggregate to be utilized in a construction project; however, contractors sometimes struggle to pinpoint the precise location of the specified aggregate. This study intends to provide such data for both engineers and contractors within Bayelsa State. A standardized mix proportion of 1:2:4 was used. A 0.55 water to cement ratio was adopted for this study. A total of 108 concrete cubes were made using fine aggregates sourced from various locations, such as Aleibiri, Amassoma, Angiama, Bolou-Orua, Brass, Nembe, Onuebu, Sampou, and Yenagoa in Bayelsa State. These samples were then subjected to curing and testing to determine their compressive strengths at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The results indicated that the highest compressive strength was consistently observed in concrete made with fine aggregate from Onuebu across all curing days. Fine aggregates from Bayelsa State are likely to fall within zones I, II, and III. Additionally, the specific gravity and water absorption of fine aggregates from Bayelsa State met the required code specifications. However, the compressive strength of concrete produced with fine aggregates from Brass and Nembe was found to be the lowest.

Keywords: Fine aggregate, Zone, Concrete, Strength, Workability, Gradation

ABSTRACT

This study examines the spatial and temporal variations in PM_2.5 concentration in Benin City using geospatial analytical tools and interview method. The study involved the use of two data sets comprising satellite-derived aerosol optical depth (AOD), retrieved from PurpleAir Archives, archives of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAM). The second set of data comprised the environmental concerns (EC) and the knowledge, attitude and perceptions (KAP) of human subjects regarding the health implications of poor air quality. Spatio-temporal analysis of PM_2.5 concentrations showed the mean concentration of PM_2.5 in the study period (2012-2013) in Benin City as 25.14μg/m³. The results of the study also showed that AQI was minimally variable and moderate over the period of study (2012 – 2013). AQI was mostly moderate (50 – 100) and slightly homogenous across the city. Monthly variations in AQI revealed that the dry season month of February had the highest mean AQI of 141, which was classified as ‘unhealthy for sensitive groups’, while the wet season month of September had the lowest AQI of 43, which is classified as ‘good’.  The geospatial analysis of pollutant concentration in the study area indicating ‘moderate’ air quality levels, was affirmed by the response of residents, with the majority of respondents (42.7%) affirming their residences to be moderately polluted. The study recommends educating residents towards enhancing environmental concerns, which could stimulate awareness of better choices that could reduce pollution in cities

Key words: Environmental concerns, Moderate, Pollutant, Sensitive groups, unhealthy

ABSTRACT

This study focuses on the extraction and characterization of cellulase and protein activity from Agaricus bisporus (button mushroom). The enzyme cellulase, crucial for converting cellulose into glucose or disaccharides, was extracted through homogenization of the mushroom and subsequent enzyme purification. The cellulase activity was assessed using 3:5-Dinitrosalicyclic acid method with carboxyl methyl cellulase (CMC) as the substrate, and its optimum conditions were characterized by varying temperature, pH and salt concentration. The results showed that the enzyme exhibits an optimum activity at 60ºC, indicating its thermostability, which is advantageous for industrial processes. The optimum pH for maximum enzyme activity was found to be 6.0. Additionally, various salts were tested to examine their effects on cellulase activity at different concentrations (1mM, 5mM and 10mM). Notably, Manganese chloride (MnCl₂) significantly enhanced enzyme activity, especially at higher concentrations, with a peak activity observed at 10mM MnCl₂ (764.4). Other salts like sodium chloride (NaCl) And Barium Chloride (BaCl) also increased cellulase activity albeit to a lesser extent. This therefore demonstrates the effective extraction of cellulase from Agaricus bisporus, providing valuable insights for its industrial use in sectors such as food, textiles, pharmaceuticals, detergents, biofuels, and paper.

Keywords: Mushroom, Cellulose, Protein activity, Thermostability, Industrial application

ABSTRACT

This study investigates the spatial and temporal variations of Total Electron Content (TEC) in the ionosphere over Nigeria during periods of geomagnetic quiet (Q) and disturbance (D). Nigeria, like other parts of the Globe is experiencing ionospheric disturbances, in particular, the solar and geomagnetic activities that make TEC highly variable. In order to find the magnitude of the variations in GPS TEC, Continuous Observation Reference (COR) data was downloaded for seven selected NIGNET stations. Five Geomagnetic quietest and most disturbed days were identified and selected on monthly basis, and the diurnal, monthly, seasonal TEC were determined for the identified days and selected Stations. Data from selected NIGNET CORS stations, collected over three consecutive years (2011-2013), were analyzed. These stations are situated between geomagnetic latitudes -4.30˚ and 0.72˚ N and longitudes 75.45˚ and 84.31˚ respectively. Monthly, diurnal, seasonal, and spatial TEC variations were examined by converting observed slant TEC (STEC) data into vertical TEC (VTEC) values and generating TEC time series. Diurnal patterns revealed that both Q and D days exhibited low GPS TEC in the early morning, increasing to afternoon peaks before decreasing at sunset, with D days having higher TEC magnitudes. The highest monthly average TEC values were observed in November 2011, March 2012, and November 2013 at BKFP, while the lowest occurred in January 2011 at BKFP, December 2012 at UNEC, and January 2013 at ULAG. Stations near the magnetic equator showed greater TEC susceptibility during Q and D days. Seasonal trends typically indicated higher GPS TEC during equinoxes and winter, with summer showing the lowest values. An exception was noted in 2012, where TEC values in winter were lower than in summer. The study suggests further research during solar minima and maxima, as the data considered falls within the ascending phase of solar activity.

Key Words: TEC, Geomagnetic Days, NIGNET-CORS, Spatial-Temporal, Variability

ABSTRACT

This study utilizes geomatics engineering techniques to determine and optimize curve setting out data and parameters for an existing route within the University of Benin, Ugbowo Campus. Primary data collection involved a single Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver connected to CORS_Geosystems. The acquired data was processed and exported in Excel format for analysis and design in AutoCAD Civil 3D. Key horizontal curve formulae were employed to compute the curve parameters. A total of 19 curves were identified and classified into Edge of Pavement Curves (C1, C2, C3, C4, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C17, and C18) and Centerline Curves (C5, C11, C12, C13, C14, C15, C16, and C19). The optimized designs support specified design speeds and reduce the effects of centrifugal forces on vehicles, while enhancing road safety and operational efficiency.

Key words: Alignment, Road, Transportation, CORS, GNSS

ABSTRACT

An assessment was conducted to examine the indoor environment of an existing university building in Nigeria, aiming to provide information that could enhance the reduction in the cooling load and ensure thermal comfort for occupants in university buildings. This paper explained the instrumentation, experimental field study, and building assessment process through a sequence of accomplished approaches. The study was carried out within the hottest summer week of the year which ranges from April 8th to 14^th with data collected over the 24 daily hours. The methodology involved selecting a functional lecture theatre, measuring and recording indoor environmental variables (air temperature, humidity, air quality, CO₂, and noise levels) using a Netatmo smart weather device. The results showed that during the hottest week in April, the indoor air temperature rose by an average of 1.3°C per day, and the humidity dropped by 12%. Additionally, the CO₂ level exceeded the acceptable threshold of 1500 ppm during this time. However, the noise level remained within an acceptable range, with the highest daily average being 53 dB. The findings indicate that all the measured indoor environmental quality (IEQ) parameters met acceptable standards, except for the CO₂ level. This study will enhance the understanding of acceptable indoor temperature and CO₂ levels, provide guidance for indoor thermal comfort, and promote a sustainable approach to evaluating building types in Nigeria’s hot/dry climate.

Keywords: Assessment, Indoor environmental quality, Environmental variables, Thermal Comfort, University building.

ABSTRACT

Crude oil spills pose significant environmental challenges, leading to soil and water pollution, loss of biodiversity, and adverse human health effects. Bioremediation, a promising approach utilising the natural abilities of microorganisms to degrade pollutants has emerged as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly solution for remediating oil-contaminated sites. This review paper presents an overview of the current state of integrated bioremediation technologies for remediating crude petroleum oil-polluted sites. The review encompasses various integrated bioremediation strategies, including bioaugmentation, biostimulation, phytoremediation, microbial consortia, mycoremediation, nanotechnology and artificial intelligence, highlighting their applications, mechanisms, and effectiveness in degrading petroleum hydrocarbons in both laboratory and field studies. Furthermore, the synergistic effects of integrating different bioremediation technologies for enhanced remediation efficiency and the factors influencing their success are discussed. Case studies and examples of successful application of integrated bioremediation technologies in remediating crude petroleum oil-polluted sites from around the world are presented to demonstrate the practicality and feasibility of these approaches. Challenges and future directions for advancing integrated bioremediation technologies for oil spill cleanup are also discussed, emphasizing the need for continuous research, innovation, and collaboration to address the persisting environmental issues associated with petroleum oil pollution.

Keywords: Integrated Bioremediation, Phytoremediation, Biostimulation, Bioaugmentation, Nanotechnology

ABSTRACT

Mapping oil spills is essential in environmental science and water resources engineering due to their significant global impact and frequent occurrence. Nigeria’s Niger Delta region, affected by numerous spills, highlights an urgent need for data on spill origin, extent, and volume to aid remediation efforts. This study addresses this need through geospatial mapping of oil spills across the Niger Delta, aiming to provide critical insights for environmental management. The research methodology began with field visits to spill locations, where coordinates and spill extents were recorded using a handheld GNSS receiver. Incident data were compiled into a geodatabase, enabling detailed data manipulation, analysis, and output generation in the ARGIS 10.4 software environment. An Excel template, aligned with USGS guidelines, was used to calculate final spill volumes. The results reveal 189 oil spill points distributed across nine states in the Niger Delta, impacting 11,754,558 square meters and totaling a spill volume of 3,309,150 barrels. Significant variations were observed among states, with Imo State showing the fewest spill points (3) and Rivers State the most (111), underscoring regional disparities in spill impact. These findings offer valuable insights into the environmental impact across the Niger Delta and emphasize the importance of targeted interventions and policies. The study’s recommendations aim to inform a more resilient response to oil spills, ultimately strengthening environmental management practices and mitigating oil pollution’s adverse effects on ecosystems and communities.

Keywords: Spill area, Spill volume, Joint taskforce, Delta, Pollution

ABSTRACT

Airports are major contributors to air pollution, which can adversely affect local air quality and public health. This study investigates the influence of weather conditions on pollutant levels at Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport, focusing on Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂), Sulphur Dioxide (SO₂), and Carbon Monoxide (CO). The study aims to analyze how weather variables such as temperature, wind speed, and wind direction affect pollutant concentrations. Data collection spanned from October 2021 to September 2023 using the MSA Altair 5X Multi Gas Detector, with measurements taken eight times a month at three different times of day. The analysis involved time series and multiple regression models to evaluate the impact of weather on pollutant levels. Results revealed significant variations in pollutant concentrations related to different wind directions and temporal trends. Specifically, temperature and wind direction were found to significantly influence CO, SO₂, and NO₂ levels, with high explanatory power in the regression models. The study concludes that weather conditions play a critical role in determining pollutant concentrations at the airport. Recommendations include incorporating weather variables into air quality management strategies, optimizing flight schedules based on weather forecasts, and enhancing emission control technologies.

Keywords: Aircraft Emission, Air Quality, Environment, Pollutants, Weather.

ABSTRACT

This study examines off-peak traffic among Ibadan North Local Government Area commuters, Oyo State, Nigeria. The research collects primary and secondary data, with primary data gathered through questionnaire surveys and observational methods. Using Yamane’s (1967) formula, the researchers determined a sample size of 400, consisting of commuters and drivers. They systematically administered 316 questionnaires to commuters along four significant corridors: University of Ibadan (UI)-Mokola, Mokola-Agodi, Bodija-Ashi, and UI-Total Garden. The analysis, conducted using SPSS and descriptive statistics, Key findings reveal significant gender disparities in off-peak commuters, with women comprising 66.8% of off-peak commuters, likely due to their combined professional and household responsibilities. Most commuters (57.6%) fall within the 21-40 age range, likely benefiting from flexible work schedules. Work-related trips dominate at 34.1%. Income influences transportation choices, as 56.3% of commuters opt for buses, the most affordable mode. The University of Ibadan emerges as the key generator and attractor of off-peak traffic. These results emphasize the need for tailored transportation policies considering commuters’ socio-economic diversity and aiming to improve public transport and urban mobility in Ibadan North.

Keywords: Traffic Management, Travel Behaviour, Urban Mobility, Infrastructure Planning, Congestion Mitigation

ABSTRACT

The phenomenon of land fragmentation poses significant challenges to agricultural development, particularly in rural areas like Yobe State, Nigeria, where over 80% of the population depends on agriculture for their livelihood. This study investigates the patterns, causes, and impacts of land fragmentation within Yobe State, employing a mixed-methods approach to gather both qualitative and quantitative data. Key findings highlight that land fragmentation is driven primarily by inheritance practices, urbanization, and infrastructural expansion. This division of land into smaller, scattered parcels has been observed to significantly reduce agricultural productivity, raising concerns about food security in the region. Using cadastral maps and land records, the research documents that most landholdings are small and irregular in shape, with distances between parcels affecting efficient land use. The study reveals that approximately 46% of households own more than eight fragmented parcels, each averaging less than 1 acre. The impacts of these small, scattered parcels on the productivity of crops, particularly rice, are severe, making it difficult for farmers to operate at a commercially viable scale. This fragmentation is also exacerbating the region’s vulnerability to environmental degradation and food insecurity. The research underscores the urgent need for policy interventions that regulate land division, improve land consolidation practices, and enhance agricultural productivity. Addressing these issues is vital to ensuring sustainable agricultural practices and securing food supply in Yobe State.

Keywords: Nature, Land Fragmentation, Rural Milieu

ABSTRACT

The beneficial roles of tourism in economic development are being harnessed by many countries. Nigeria’s tourism sector is still performing below expectations due to the underdevelopment of many of its natural endowments. This study assessed the perception of members of Oke-Ila community on the tourism potentials and constraints of Ayikunugba waterfall. Eighty (80) village and household heads, randomly selected from Oke-Ila community, were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. The respondents’ majority were male, aged 41-70 years, married with at least a secondary school education. Camping, swimming, and picnicking were identified as tourism activities that can be done in and around the waterfall. Hosting seminars and conferences, learning about the origin of Oke-Ila dwellers, and antique preservation were identified as objects with educational potential. Job creation, infrastructural development, foreign investments, and improvement in living standards were acknowledged as economic benefits derivable from Ayikunugba’s tourism use. The beautiful scenery, remoteness, and undisturbed air condition of the waterfall and its vicinity were affirmed as notable environmental features. Furthermore, local cuisine and Ayikunugba’s history were socio-cultural elements identified to improve Ayikunugba’s tourism use. The poor condition of linkage roads and few number of commercial motorists plying the waterfall’s routes were identified as some of the major constraints to the waterfall’s tourism use. Based on this finding, it can be concluded that members of Oke-Ila community are aware of some of the tourism potentials of Ayikunugba Waterfall, and the limitations.

Keywords: Ayikunugba Waterfall, Challenges, Potentials, Recreation, Tourism development

ABSTRACT

Insufficient investment in road transport infrastructure have a severe repercussion on passengers’ mobility, logistics systems, and overall social and economic activity. Significant information gap exists between the several levels of government about investments in the construction of road infrastructure in Nigeria. This study was conducted to analysed road transport infrastructure in Wudil town, Nigeria. Data for this study was obtained through both primary and secondary sources. The primary source involved the use of ARCGIS 10.1 software to map out the roads and potholes in the study area. The coordinates of locations of potholes were obtained using a hand held Geographical Position System (GPS). The secondary source involved obtaining information about the existing number of roads and their ownership from Kano State ministry of works. The study reveals that 47% of the sampled roads are rated fair, 23.5% of the sampled roads are excellent, 17.7% are good roads and 5.9% are very good. Additionally, 99.26% of the surveyed roads minor roads while 0.74% are major roads. Also, 97.37% of the surveyed roads are unpaved while only 2.63% of the minor roads are paved.  Descriptive statistics such as cross-tabulation, percentages and mean were used to analyse the data collected for the study. The study concludes that road transport infrastructures in the study area are grossly inadequate and the few that are available are completely in the state of disrepair calling for urgent attention. The study is recommending the need for strengthened public-private partnership in the provision and maintenance of road transport infrastructure in the study area to enhance effective and efficient movement of people, goods and services in the study area.

Keywords: Public-Private Partnership, Efficient Movement, Goods and Services, Minor Roads, Provision and Maintenance

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study is to isolate, screen and molecular characterize biosurfactant producing bacteria from effluent of selected textile industries. Effluent samples were collected from ABY textile industrial company, Agege Motor Road, Mushin Lagos state and from Sunflag Nigeria Limited, Surulere Lagos state. Bacteria isolation from the effluents was done by serial dilution and spread plate method on Nutrient agar medium then passes through incubation process for 24 hours for colonies to be present. Screening method used are hemolytic, drop collapse and oilspread techniques to check for biosurfactant present in the effluent samples, which results as positive, negative, gamma, alpha and beta. Gram staining was done to the isolates and viewed under microscopic view showing mostly of Gram-positive bacillus and also Gram negative bacillus. Biochemical test was done by checking the biochemical characteristics such as citrate, glucose, lactose, H2S, gas, motility, indole, urease, oxidase, catalase, mannitol, spore former, pigmentation, vokes and prokeur. Molecular Characterization was done showing, Bacillus tropicus, Lysinibacillus fluoroglycofenilyticus, Paenibacillus sonchi, and Bacillus tianshenii. The PCR analysis of amplified, full length bacterial 16SrRNA fragments from the isolates obtained. The suspected organisms isolated from the samples includes; Bacillus thuringesis, Bacillus subtilis, with different Bacillus spp. The result of the gram staining done from the isolate collected from the textile industries is mostly Gram-Positive Bacilli showing the predominant Bacilli present in the effluents from the industries.

Keywords: Effluent, Screening, Biosurfactant, Isolate, Textile

ABSTRACT

The present study investigated the phytochemical, biochemical, hematological and antimicrobial properties of Vitellaria paradoxa, Psidium guajava and Morinda lucida. The oral acute toxicity study was conducted on mice with the limit test dose of 5000 mg/Kg body weight. The phytochemical, biochemical and hematological analysis were carried out using standard methods. The methanolic and aqueous extracts of V. paradoxa, P. guajava and M. lucida leaves were tested against selected microorganisms for the antimicrobial activities. The phytochemical results revealed the presence of tannin, flavonoids, steroids, cardiac glycoside, alkaloids, phenol and anthraquinone, alkaloids, saponin, phlobatanin and terpenoids in the three selected plants. The biochemical activity showed that the three plants have the high Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) with V. paradoxa ranging from 115.9U/L to 160.4U/L, M. lucida ranging from 189.3 U/L  to 139.4 U/L  and P. guajava ranging from 140.8 U/L to 174.6 U/L  at low dose and high dose respectively . The low dose revealed high glucose. The hematological indices affect blood cell counts and hemoglobin levels, with potential implications for immune response, anemia prevention and overall blood health. The antimicrobial activity showed that only the extracts of P. guajava with high zone of inhibition, 24.50 0.50 on Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus and the antibiotics (levofloxacin) showed slightly higher zone of inhibition, 24.83 0.29 on S. typhi. The oral acute toxicity study suggests no serious or life-threatening side effects. The result demonstrates that P. guajava has a broad antimicrobial properties, therefore has a potential as a good therapeutic agent.

Keywords: Hematology, Biochemical, Phytochemical, Antimicrobial, Medicinal plants

ABSTRACT

This present work examined the growth rates and cellulolytic potentials of bacteria isolated from sewage treatment plant. Bacteria were isolated and tested for cellulose degradation on carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) agar plates. The isolates with the highest cell counts after culturing and incubation were selected and after screening for their cellulase potentials, three of the isolates which produced maximum halo diameters of 14, 13 and 16 mm on CMC agar plates flooded with Congo red solution. In general, more bacteria were recovered from at the depth of 12 m than from the surface. The isolates were identified as Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Alcaligenes faecalis respectively. Cotton wool was hydrolyzed with the isolated bacteria in a minimal medium. Shaken culture of Bacillus subtilis produced maximum reducing sugar levels of 12.6mg/ml after 25 d incubation while Alcaligenes faecalis produced a maximum reducing sugar of 10.2mg/ml after 25 d. Pseudomonas aeruginosa culture produced a maximum reducing sugar content of 9.8mg/ml after 25 days. Nutritional factors were further added to the basal medium which had carboxy methyl cellulose as the sole carbon source and results showed that the basal medium with no added nutritional factors caused the production of the lowest biomasses of 0.18, 0.12, and 0.15 OD 600nm for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Alcaligenes faecalis and Bacillus subtilis respectively and this low growth was also observed in the basal medium with only added vitamin. Best biomass production was observed in flask containing basal medium plus corn steep liquor and mineral salts. When the isolates were grown in buffers of different pHs, their cell growths were dependent on media pH for all the organisms tested. Pseudomonas aeruginosa gave best growth at pH of 5.5. Optimum growth for Alcaligenes faecalis and Bacillus subtilis occurredat pH 7.0. The lowest cell growths occurred at acidic pHs of 3.5-4.0 for all the isolates tested.

Keywords: Sewage, Bacteria, Growth factors, pH, Optical density

ABSTRACT

The rapid urbanization of recent years has led to a surge in urban population, driving up the demand for water resources. This has taken a toll on groundwater, both in terms of quantity and quality. Anthropogenic activities, change in land use, and changes in topography have rendered groundwater highly susceptible to contamination. To ensure sustainable water utilization, a robust water management system is essential. This study focuses on assessing groundwater vulnerability to pollution in Mainland Local Government Area (LGA) of Lagos, a region grappling with urbanization challenges. We utilized geological and hydrogeological data from existing sources and collected spatial data, including borehole coordinates, road networks, river locations, topographical features, and geological data, which were organized into a geodatabase for geospatial analysis. Our approach involved the DRASTIC model, accounting for aquifer parameters like depth to water, net recharge, aquifer characteristics, Vadose zone influence, and hydraulic conductivity. This model was used to create groundwater vulnerability and risk maps, validated using groundwater quality data. The results revealed diverse susceptibility levels within Mainland Lagos, with about 18% displaying high susceptibility, 25% moderate susceptibility, 28% low susceptibility, and 29% very low susceptibility to contamination. These maps offer vital insights for informed decision-making in water resource management. By enabling sustainable aquifer use, this study sets a precedent for resource preservation amid urbanization’s challenges.

Keywords: Groundwater, susceptibility, DRASTIC model, groundwater quality

ABSTRACT

Over the years, the control network has been used as the framework which serves as the basis for all subsequent mapping and surveying work where the position of points on, beneath and above the earth is precisely determined. The need for controls in surveying and mapping cannot be overemphasised especially in projects that require precise measurements and plotting e.g. engineering and construction projects, land mapping, archaeological surveys, geology, forestry, and hydrology. This study looks at the accuracy assessment of established controls for precise positioning using differential global positioning system (DGPS) and continuous operating reference stations (CORS). The focus of the study is to assess the accuracy of controls established within the University of Lagos, Akoka campus using DGPS. The coordinates of the existing controls within the University of Lagos were obtained and re-coordinated using Stonex S900A (DGPS) referenced to CORS for precise measurements. The data obtained was processed using the Trimble Business Center (TBC) software. The existing coordinates of controls and the newly acquired ones were compared and contrasted. Various statistical analyses were done to assess the accuracy of the controls established within the University of Lagos. Results show that the p-values for existing and new horizontal coordinates of the controls are (E = 0.002768695 and N = 0.00036642) which is less than the 0.01 p-value. Also, the p-value for existing and new vertical coordinates of the controls is 0.069657705 which is greater than the 0.01 p-value. Therefore, there is a significant difference between the existing and the newly acquired horizontal coordinates of controls established within the campus at a 99% confidence level but no significant difference between the existing and the newly acquired vertical coordinates of controls established. The results obtained were presented in the form of tables.

 Keywords: Controls, Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS), Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS), Precise Measurements, Trimble Business Center.

ABSTRACT

The lack of conventional ground-based observations in the sub-Saharan African region poses significant challenges to understanding and monitoring the atmosphere. This is particularly true in the upper-tropospheric and lower-stratospheric (UTLS) regions, where the atmosphere’s dynamic nature and complex processes make observation difficult. However, the development of the GNSS radio occultation (RO) technique presents an exciting opportunity for meteorological and climatic research. This study focuses on assessing the feasibility of using the GNSS RO technique to observe the atmosphere in Nigeria. It evaluates the different GNSS RO missions and examines the distribution of events across Nigeria. The study found that the coverage of radio occultation (RO) missions varies significantly, depending on the orbit design of GNSS and low-earth orbiting satellites. Additionally, the quality of atmospheric profiles, specifically from the COSMIC mission, was assessed by comparing them to radiosonde observations in Nigeria. The results demonstrated strong agreement between the COSMIC profiles and radiosonde data, with absolute mean errors of 1.42C, 0.97mbar, 0.34mm/km, and 0.58mbar for temperature, pressure, refractivity, and vapour pressure profiles respectively. Lastly, two prominent climate change indicators (tropopause height (TH) and precipitable water vapour (PWV)) dominant in the UTLS region were derived from COSMIC profiles (2013-2016) over Nigeria, the results revealed very prominent seasonal patterns in the GNSS RO derived TH and PWV which precisely describes the atmosphere and seasons of the Nigerian region. The TH and PWV agree with radiosondes and ground-based GNSS measurements in the range of -1.98 to 3.13km and -0.40 to 5.58 mm, respectively. Improvements and future missions in GNSS RO will enhance the quantity and quality of occultation events in Nigeria. As a result, the GNSS RO technique will become an indispensable tool for operational atmospheric and climate research in Nigeria and the broader sub-Saharan Africa region

.Keywords: Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Radio Occultation (RO), Tropopause height, Zenith Tropospheric Delay, Climate change, Precipitable Water vapour, Meteorology

ABSTRACT

The study examined the factors that influence customers’ choice of mode of shopping with a view to knowing the significance of e-stores toward creating better customer shopping conditions to improve satisfaction and enhancing a sustainable shopping mall investment. Furthermore, the study purposively selected 57 e-store customers and 123 shopping mall customers totalling 180 respondents’ which forms the sample size for the study. The findings through factor analysis revealed that six factors influenced the choice of e-store patronage while shopping mall patronage is influenced by seven factors. 24-hour shopping, delivery of the product to destination, and convenience of product search are the top-rated factors influencing the e-store shopping experience, while the physical evaluation of products, “trialability” of products, and variety of products at the same place are the most significant factors that influence customers’ shopping mall experiences. The paper suggests that managers should improve on the factors that influence the choice of shopping malls to attract more patronage which is pertinent to understand the key factors that could guide commercial real estate investors to create customer value and enhance sustainable real estate investment.

 Keywords: Choice, Commercial Real Estate Investment, E-Stores, Factors Influencing, Shopping Malls

ABSTRACT

Medium resolution satellite imageries are prominently used in bathymetry estimation due to high cost of accessing high resolution images and obtaining in-situ data. In this study, Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 medium resolution satellite images were explored in estimating bathymetry for a section of Imo River with underlying aim of evaluating their performances. Lyzenga log linear and Stumpf log ratio empirical models were adopted. Image pre-processing involved atmospheric correction, cloud masking, sun glint removal and low pass filtering. Comparison with field-based reference depths showed that deepest estimated depth from both satellites images was approximately 10 m compared to 12 m depth obtained from field-based sounding. Coefficient of determination shows that Landsat-8 averagely estimated depths by 57% while Sentinel-2 showed 46% performance. Sentinel-2 had the highest and lowest root mean square error of 1.9 and 1.5 based on Lyzenga and Stumpf model respectively, while Landsat-8 had root mean square error of 1.7 and 1.8 from both models. Fidelity of Sentinel-2 derived bathymetry was greatly impacted by cloud and radiometric effects despite its high spatial resolution and applied corrections. Results of the study revealed that environmental conditions and water body properties have significant impact in satellite bathymetry estimation from medium resolution images.

 Keywords: Landsat-8, Sentinel-2, Imo River, Inland Waterway, Satellite-derived Bathymetry

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to establish the influence of temperature on the forest resource and estimate the extent of changes in the environment of Okomu National Park for the years 2000, 2010, and 2020 using satellite imagery analysis. The study used normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), land cover, and land surface temperature (LST) data acquired from Landsat. The acquired data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and correlations were investigated using regression analysis and Pearson’s correlation. For correlation analysis, LST and NDVI were both divided into five classes. Fron the results obtained, the NDVI map provided that the high category of the forest cover classes had degraded to medium and low classes, and the values of 2000, 2010 and 2020 indicates that the land cover had experienced an evident degradation over the study periods. The NDVI high class of 184.24 km² of 2000 was reduced to 38.07 km² in 2020. The values of the 2000 LST ranged of the from 19.1632 (low) – 34.4896 (high) degrees; value for 2010 was low: 31.1872 – high: 43.0681°C and 2020 was 18.1622 – high: 25.061°C. The correlation analysis reveals that the R² = 0.981, 0.7198, 0.9835 for years 2000, 2010 and 2020 respectively. The study showed that year 2010 had the highest LST over the area, with LST reducing by 2020. The LST map also revealed that high temperature was obtained in the north eastern section of the map where there the percentage of built-up areas was highest. The conversion of the forests to other land use/landcover classes will lead to increased temperature and cause decline in forest biodiversity.

Keywords: Temperature, Vegetation Index, Forest Cover, Correlation, Okomu

ABSTRACT

This research work is centered on reliability assessment of the power apparatus of Garki – Area three 33/11KV distribution Substation as a case study. The aim is to established the frequency and the duration of the outages.  Data were collected for the period of 12month (from April 2020 to March 2021) from the substation daily log book. We used Historical category of reliability analysis in assessing reliability of the distribution system. Hence, all data collected were computed and analyzed using fault tree analysis method, reliability block diagram and exponential modeling method. The results obtained shows that the total failure rate of the substation within the study period was 0.773896146. Feeder 5 with failure rate of 0.16874 has the highest outage of all the feeders. The reliability of the substation within the period of study was 0.461212611 which shows poor performances as compare to a standard bench mark of 0.999. The worst period of outages was in the month of May, 2020 due to rainy, windy and storm was at its peak. The total interruption as at May 2020 was 225.60 hours which is approximately 9 days total black out for the period of the study. While the best month was October 2020 with 96% availability of 92.11hours approximately 3days black out within the period of study. The substation is an injection substation originally design for 30MVA capacity with 2x 15MVA main power transformer, but during the period of this study one of the 15MVA Transformer was out of it service due to fault. Consequently, the major problem affecting the reliability of this substation is capacity shortage. Therefore, the substation needs to be improved and substation equipment need to be upgraded.

be provided for indexing purpose.

 Keywords: reliability, failure rate, outage, frequency, duration, substation, distribution network

ABSTRACT

Overruns in highway project costs are pervasive globally. Recent attempts at predicting highway cost overruns predominantly rely on the use of after-the-fact machine learning predictive models that mainly address developed country contexts. The present study estimated the extent of cost overrun in Nigerian highway projects, and developed a regression model for predicting cost overruns in such projects based on the winning tender. Secondary data for the study was obtained from the website of the Nigerian Federal Ministry of Works and Housing, and covered the period 2002 to 2015. The overall average cost overrun in Nigerian highway projects was determined to be 17.37%. Additionally, a logarithmic model for estimating cost overrun at the pre-award stage of highway projects was obtained as . In the context of this study, it is better to estimate overruns in highway projects after the successful bidder has been identified, and to add the estimated cost overrun as a contingency sum to the contractor’s bid at that stage. Measures for mitigating cost overrun in highway projects in Nigeria should be intensified.

 Keywords: Cost Overrun, Highway, Modelling, Regression

ABSTRACT

The study examined the level of adoption of green supply chain management (GSCM) technologies and practices in selected pharmaceutical and textile firms in Southwestern Nigeria. The study was carried out in 10 pharmaceutical and 10 textile firms in Lagos and Ogun States, because of the high concentration of industrial firms in these two states. Primary data were collected through two sets of structured questionnaires administered to 1 Production Manager; 2 Suppliers; 3 Distributors; 3 Retailers; and 3 Consumers in each firm, making a total of two hundred and forty (240) respondents. The harvested quantitative data were subjected to frequencies and mean analysis in SPSS. This study used five stages of adoption to measure the level of adoption of Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) technologies and practices, which were Awareness, Interested, Evaluating, Trying, and Adoption stages. Out of the eighteen technologies and practices presented, none of the selected firms is in the adoption stage for any of the technologies or practices presented. However, the firms are already in Trying stage in acquiring green materials and sourcing ethically (Mean 3.5-4.4), while all other remaining technologies and practices were still being evaluated (Mean 2.5-3.44). The study concluded that the extent of adoption of green supply chain management technologies and practices in the pharmaceutical and textile firms is very low.

Keywords: Green Supply Chain, Green Supply Chain Management technologies, Green Supply Chain Management Practices, Pharmaceutical Firms, Textile Firms.

ABSTRACT

This study investigates the performance of geospatial features (GSF) in feature selection techniques. Five datasets – socioeconomic, whether, property, historic and geospatial datasets – collected from poor households in Nyanya-Mararaba Town in Nigeria’s Federal Capital Territory were used. The five datasets, comprising a total of twenty-nine features, were passed through five feature selection algorithms to select few features that give optimal results; viz: Pearson Correlation Coefficient (PCC), Information Gain (IG), Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE), Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA).  Four geospatial features – Travel time, Shortest distance, Height difference, and Land Use Land Cover (LULC) type – were examined. The techniques were implemented and the experiment carried out with codes in Jupyter Notebook.  Results show that PCC selected two GSF: Travel time and Shortest distance. IG selected two GSF: Travel time and Shortest distance. RFE selected two GSF: Travel time and Shortest distance. Both LASSO and PCA selected three GSF: Travel time, Shortest distance and Height difference.

Keywords: Water consumption, Geospatial features, Machine learning, Feature selection techniques

ABSTRACT

Precipitable water vapour (PWV) is a crucial atmospheric parameter that measures the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere above a specific location. The analysis of PWV variation is required to improve the understanding of climatic variability. The state-of-the-art fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ERA5) which provides historical PWV records has gained prominence in the research community. The ERA5 dataset requires validation using in-situ ground observations such as Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). However, there is a limited understanding of the climatic and seasonal variability of ERA5 PWV over Nigeria. The sparse GNSS data coverage in previous studies has also limited their potential for correlating the PWV variations with significant or severe weather occurrences. This study investigates the spatio-temporal and seasonal correlation of ERA5 PWV with the GNSS-derived PWV over Nigeria between 2011 and 2016, using GNSS observations from the Nigerian GNSS Network (NIGNET). The GNSS observations were processed using Precise Point Positioning software to derive the Zenith Tropospheric Delay and its products. Subsequently, the PWV was derived from the Zenith Wet Delay. The quantitative analysis was facilitated using spatial interpolation and statistical metrics. The findings reveal a very close correlation between ERA5 PWV and the GNSS-derived PWV across all climatic regions in Nigeria, with the highest correlations occurring in the Sudan/Sahel region (r: 0.96 – 0.98). In the dry season, there is a decrease in PWV from lower to higher latitudes. During the wet season of 2012 which recorded severe precipitation and flooding, the highest PWV content occurred in the mangrove and evergreen climatic regions located in south-west and south-eastern Nigeria. This study has proven the utility of the ERA5 PWV for mapping and monitoring the water vapour content and for long-term climate studies over Nigeria.

 Keywords: Global navigation satellite systems, Precise point positioning, Precipitable water vapour, Severe precipitation, ERA5

ABSTRACT

This study examined bacteriological and physicochemical properties of ground water within Makera district, Kaduna South Local Government, Kaduna State. A total of 10 borehole water were sampled from 5 different streets in Makera. The physiochemical parameters were determined by checking conductivity, pH, temperature, turbidity, Alkalinity, hardness, total dissolved solid, colour and odour using standard procedures. Bacteriological analysis was determined using total viable count and most probable number (MPN) technique. This was followed by characterization and antibacterial susceptibility of the isolates. The result obtained shows that conductivity had the values from 0.50 to 1.26mg/l, total dissolved solid ranges from 2.24 to 5.46 mg/l, temperature ranges from 25.7 to 31.9 °C, pH value ranges from 5.65 to 7.5, Alkalinity ranges from 16 to 55mg/l, hardness ranges from 7.6 to 10.4 mg/l. The total viable count ranges from 1.0×10³ to 4.5×10³ CFU/ml for dilution of 10³. The MPN index result revealed that none of the water samples met the standard value of WHO for drinking water which state that, the presence of coliform in drinking water should be zero/100ml. Escherichia coli (90%) was found to have the highest number of isolated organisms followed by Salmonella sp (50%) and Shigella sp (30%). The antibiotic susceptible pattern of isolates in this study indicates that all the isolates were sensitive to gentamycin, tarivid and streptomycin. Ground water in this area is characterized by the present od coliforms indicating bacteriological contamination, as such, not suitable for drinking purpose. This study suggest that the evaluation of ground water quality parameters should be carried out periodically to protect the water resources.

Keywords: Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp, Shigella sp, Most Probable Number, Coliform

ABSTRACT

Establishment of stable deformation monitoring points is a vital step in the monitoring of the stability of deformable structures. This research dwells on the establishment of a network of points to monitor the stability of Jimeta Bridge. Approximate horizontal coordinates of the monitoring points were first obtained using the GNSS receiver. The vertical coordinates of the same points were observed using a precise levelling operation.  The horizontal and vertical coordinates of the monitoring points were adjusted to get a stable network of points for the monitoring of the bridge. The adjustment was achieved using a Stability estimator model which is designed based on the principle of free network. The results show that the 66^th baseline configuration returned the maximum redundancy number of the reliability matrix of 0.59880000000000 and a minimal trace of 0.00539266393068631. The aposteriori variances were computed and found to be 0.4465, for the test on reference points and 0.6177 for the test on object points. The computed aposteriori variance both falls between the lower and the upper limit. This signifies that the geometry of the monitoring network points remains intact with no distortion. The network of the monitoring points is therefore safe to be utilised in the monitoring of the stability of the Jimeta Bridge.

Keywords: Deformation Monitoring, Mathematical Model, Least Squares Adjustment, Stability Estimator and Engineering Structure

ABSTRACT

The availability of potable water is a challenge in most developing countries, In Nigeria, more than 100 million people are required to meet Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) target for improved water by 2025 and it is unlikely to be achieved only by public supply. The Nsukka inhabitants have resorted to water vending activities in order to circumvent this problem. This aligns with SDG 6 for developing countries and propelled the quest to investigate the activities, spatial distribution and quality of vended water in Nsukka urban, Enugu State. For the study, a total number of 162 copies of questionnaire were administered to vendors which were selected by simple random sampling respectively. The result showed two main categories of water vendors namely; formal and informal vendors and their operations in Nsukka urban. Water analysis was done in the laboratory to ascertain the quality index of the source (formal vendors) which is 5 major boreholes in Nsukka urban and also samples were collected from two informal vendors for end users to ascertain the quality. Findings revealed that the water vending business especially the large scale water vendors make up to ₦8000 on daily basis while the small scale vendors gain an additional N5000 naira on the initial cost of  a full truck load of water. Laboratory analysis shows that the quality of water retailed from the different boreholes was good, in tandem with W.H.O standard but on the contrary the water quality from the vendors was not potable and contaminated from containerized supply especially rusty water tanks. We unequivocally recommend a routine and quality assurance checks before vendors are allowed to retail water to the masses in order to ensure compliance with W.H.O standard. We advocate that government should prioritize the provision of adequate pipe-borne water to residents of Nsukka Urban. 

Keywords: Water vending, Formal sector, Informal sector, Water quality, Spatial distribution

ABSTRACT

Streams are important in an ecosystem for the survival of aquatic organisms and their quality fundamentals.  Streams are important in an ecosystem and their quality is fundamental for the survival of aquatic organisms. Feroro stream is threatened from anthropogenic activities which affects the quality of its sediment temporally and spatially. Sediment was collected on monthly bases for twenty-four months from five stations along the stream based on anthropogenic activities using calibrated standard tubes. Physicochemical parameters were determined using multiparameter HANNA meter, Dissolved oxygen meter, Titration and Colorimeteric methods. All the physicochemical parameters were within World Health Organization limits and Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality limits except Total Hardness (77.87-156.00mg/L), Dissolved Oxygen (1.51-3.79mg/L) and pH (6.59-8.67). There was significant (P<0.05) temporal variation in the physicochemical parameters but no significant variation spatially (P<0.05). Across the wet and dry seasons, there was significant variation except in Temperature (25.79℃ and 25.54℃) and Total Hardness (116.72mg/L and 121.66mg/L) respectively P<0.05.  There was a significant difference P<0.05, in all the parameters across the wet and dry seasons, except in Temperature (25.79℃ and 25.54℃) and Total Hardness (116.72mg/L and 121.66mg/L). 

Keywords: Feroro Stream, Physico-chemical Parameters, Spatial, Temporal, Sediment

ABSTRACT

The ongoing Ukraine war, spike in living cost, Covid-19 pandemics, academic staff union strikes for better funding of education, and urban renewal activities that constitute significant sources of stressors with mental health implication in Nigerian cities. Studies have shown stress can blunt people’s sensitivity and ability to make informed decisions. Therefore, no better time than now to assess the perceived stress scale, decision-making process, and nuclear awareness among Nigerian millennials in the face of rising emergencies. Here the study showed significant majority of millennials are lower stress, making good decisions, and nuclear aware. The survey observations were in line with previous studies in the UK and the US, but did not support the same hypothesis. Considerably, the research highlights the concern of Nigerian millennials about the Ukraine conflict, the potential nuclear threat to cities, and increasing inequalities. There is need to rethink a statistical regularity and bridge existing knowledge gaps among respondents on the catastrophic effects of a nuclear world war including the demonstrated disregard for sustainability. It is important because they are not only the future leaders, but this is the millennial generation and the United Nations has stressed the need for greater nuclear awareness. An empirical survey using mixed-method, self-reporting questionnaires with 26 questions was adopted. The randomly sampled 38 Nigerian millennials in Port Harcourt, Akwa Ibom, and Bayelsa states was facilitated by faculty members of institutions in these states the researchers have rapport. The mean score of data collected were analysed. The conclusion is with recommendations for achieving greater sustainability and nuclear education while contributing to the prevention of potential catastrophe for humanity and our architectural heritage by cities’ obliteration.

Keywords:Perceived Stress Scale, Decision Making, Nuclear Awareness, Sustainability, Global Trade, Architectural Preservation, Cities Obliteration, Nuclear Winter

ABSTRACT

The distal field, Sapele Deep Field, is situated in the Niger Delta’s Northwestern region. The study had access to three wells (numbers 06, 17, and 18). Thirteen reservoirs were identified across the wells, and they were found at depths ranging from 2991.62 meters (9872.35 feet) to 3761.81 meters (12413.97 feet). The field is a brownfield with a total area of 16515.73 acres, and it has been producing hydrocarbon for over three decades. As a result, digital wireline well log data, including the neutron log, resistivity log, gamma-ray log, and density log, were used to carry out the reservoir petrophysical evaluation and gain a better understanding of the reservoir lithology and hydrocarbon potential. The research area’s average values for the following parameters are 6.67 m (22.01 ft) of net sand thickness, 0.21 (21%), 1454.05 mD of permeability, 0.16 mD of shale volume, 0.47 (net-to-gross), and 0.48 (48%), respectively, for water saturation (Sw).

Keywords: Petrophysical evaluation, Lithology, Gamma-ray log, resistivity log, density log

ABSTRACT

This research reports the results of Heavy metals Zn, Pb,Cu, Ni, Cd contents of Street dust of Ketu-Mile 12 Area of Lagos – State , South – Western, Nigeria. The dust samples were collected randomly from August – December, 2022 at ten different locations of Ketu – Mile 12 Area by sweeping surface dust into plastic waste packer using plastic brush and transferred into pre-labeled polythene. The samples collected at each location were filtered through 75µm stainless steel sieve, weighed and digested with appropriate amount of HNO3 and H2O for 2 hours. The concentrations of Heavy metals were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS).Results showed that the average concentration of Heavy metals were: Zn 176.43 mg/kg, Cu 162.25mg/kg, Pb 32.22mg/kg, Ni 6.98mg/kg and Cd 0.33mg/kg with the most abundant pollutant Heavy metal was Zn while the least abundant was Cd. The most polluted site was Owode – Onirin 263.54mg/kg while the least polluted site was Alapere 2.269mg/kg. The Principal Component Analysis PCA showed that the major sources of heavy metals are mainly anthropogenic and two factors PC1 and PC2 accounted for 72.95% of the total variance. Each of these factors were identified as sources of heavy metals in dust of Ketu – Mile 12 area with Traffic/ Vehicular emission dominating. Pearson’s significant correlation analysis revealed that there is strong positive correlation between the Heavy metals at 0.01 levels. The concentration of Heavy metals exceeded the recommended limits of the Federal Ministry of Environment (FME), European communities (EC) and United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) permissible level. Therefore, there is need for environmental monitoring, safety and management of Ketu – Mile 12 dust.

Keywords: Environment, Sample, Significant, Concentration, Dust, Anthropogenic