ABSTRACT

Airports are major contributors to air pollution, which can adversely affect local air quality and public health. This study investigates the influence of weather conditions on pollutant levels at Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport, focusing on Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂), Sulphur Dioxide (SO₂), and Carbon Monoxide (CO). The study aims to analyze how weather variables such as temperature, wind speed, and wind direction affect pollutant concentrations. Data collection spanned from October 2021 to September 2023 using the MSA Altair 5X Multi Gas Detector, with measurements taken eight times a month at three different times of day. The analysis involved time series and multiple regression models to evaluate the impact of weather on pollutant levels. Results revealed significant variations in pollutant concentrations related to different wind directions and temporal trends. Specifically, temperature and wind direction were found to significantly influence CO, SO₂, and NO₂ levels, with high explanatory power in the regression models. The study concludes that weather conditions play a critical role in determining pollutant concentrations at the airport. Recommendations include incorporating weather variables into air quality management strategies, optimizing flight schedules based on weather forecasts, and enhancing emission control technologies.

Keywords: Aircraft Emission, Air Quality, Environment, Pollutants, Weather.

ABSTRACT

This study examines off-peak traffic among Ibadan North Local Government Area commuters, Oyo State, Nigeria. The research collects primary and secondary data, with primary data gathered through questionnaire surveys and observational methods. Using Yamane’s (1967) formula, the researchers determined a sample size of 400, consisting of commuters and drivers. They systematically administered 316 questionnaires to commuters along four significant corridors: University of Ibadan (UI)-Mokola, Mokola-Agodi, Bodija-Ashi, and UI-Total Garden. The analysis, conducted using SPSS and descriptive statistics, Key findings reveal significant gender disparities in off-peak commuters, with women comprising 66.8% of off-peak commuters, likely due to their combined professional and household responsibilities. Most commuters (57.6%) fall within the 21-40 age range, likely benefiting from flexible work schedules. Work-related trips dominate at 34.1%. Income influences transportation choices, as 56.3% of commuters opt for buses, the most affordable mode. The University of Ibadan emerges as the key generator and attractor of off-peak traffic. These results emphasize the need for tailored transportation policies considering commuters’ socio-economic diversity and aiming to improve public transport and urban mobility in Ibadan North.

Keywords: Traffic Management, Travel Behaviour, Urban Mobility, Infrastructure Planning, Congestion Mitigation

ABSTRACT

The phenomenon of land fragmentation poses significant challenges to agricultural development, particularly in rural areas like Yobe State, Nigeria, where over 80% of the population depends on agriculture for their livelihood. This study investigates the patterns, causes, and impacts of land fragmentation within Yobe State, employing a mixed-methods approach to gather both qualitative and quantitative data. Key findings highlight that land fragmentation is driven primarily by inheritance practices, urbanization, and infrastructural expansion. This division of land into smaller, scattered parcels has been observed to significantly reduce agricultural productivity, raising concerns about food security in the region. Using cadastral maps and land records, the research documents that most landholdings are small and irregular in shape, with distances between parcels affecting efficient land use. The study reveals that approximately 46% of households own more than eight fragmented parcels, each averaging less than 1 acre. The impacts of these small, scattered parcels on the productivity of crops, particularly rice, are severe, making it difficult for farmers to operate at a commercially viable scale. This fragmentation is also exacerbating the region’s vulnerability to environmental degradation and food insecurity. The research underscores the urgent need for policy interventions that regulate land division, improve land consolidation practices, and enhance agricultural productivity. Addressing these issues is vital to ensuring sustainable agricultural practices and securing food supply in Yobe State.

Keywords: Nature, Land Fragmentation, Rural Milieu

ABSTRACT

The beneficial roles of tourism in economic development are being harnessed by many countries. Nigeria’s tourism sector is still performing below expectations due to the underdevelopment of many of its natural endowments. This study assessed the perception of members of Oke-Ila community on the tourism potentials and constraints of Ayikunugba waterfall. Eighty (80) village and household heads, randomly selected from Oke-Ila community, were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. The respondents’ majority were male, aged 41-70 years, married with at least a secondary school education. Camping, swimming, and picnicking were identified as tourism activities that can be done in and around the waterfall. Hosting seminars and conferences, learning about the origin of Oke-Ila dwellers, and antique preservation were identified as objects with educational potential. Job creation, infrastructural development, foreign investments, and improvement in living standards were acknowledged as economic benefits derivable from Ayikunugba’s tourism use. The beautiful scenery, remoteness, and undisturbed air condition of the waterfall and its vicinity were affirmed as notable environmental features. Furthermore, local cuisine and Ayikunugba’s history were socio-cultural elements identified to improve Ayikunugba’s tourism use. The poor condition of linkage roads and few number of commercial motorists plying the waterfall’s routes were identified as some of the major constraints to the waterfall’s tourism use. Based on this finding, it can be concluded that members of Oke-Ila community are aware of some of the tourism potentials of Ayikunugba Waterfall, and the limitations.

Keywords: Ayikunugba Waterfall, Challenges, Potentials, Recreation, Tourism development

ABSTRACT

Insufficient investment in road transport infrastructure have a severe repercussion on passengers’ mobility, logistics systems, and overall social and economic activity. Significant information gap exists between the several levels of government about investments in the construction of road infrastructure in Nigeria. This study was conducted to analysed road transport infrastructure in Wudil town, Nigeria. Data for this study was obtained through both primary and secondary sources. The primary source involved the use of ARCGIS 10.1 software to map out the roads and potholes in the study area. The coordinates of locations of potholes were obtained using a hand held Geographical Position System (GPS). The secondary source involved obtaining information about the existing number of roads and their ownership from Kano State ministry of works. The study reveals that 47% of the sampled roads are rated fair, 23.5% of the sampled roads are excellent, 17.7% are good roads and 5.9% are very good. Additionally, 99.26% of the surveyed roads minor roads while 0.74% are major roads. Also, 97.37% of the surveyed roads are unpaved while only 2.63% of the minor roads are paved.  Descriptive statistics such as cross-tabulation, percentages and mean were used to analyse the data collected for the study. The study concludes that road transport infrastructures in the study area are grossly inadequate and the few that are available are completely in the state of disrepair calling for urgent attention. The study is recommending the need for strengthened public-private partnership in the provision and maintenance of road transport infrastructure in the study area to enhance effective and efficient movement of people, goods and services in the study area.

Keywords: Public-Private Partnership, Efficient Movement, Goods and Services, Minor Roads, Provision and Maintenance

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study is to isolate, screen and molecular characterize biosurfactant producing bacteria from effluent of selected textile industries. Effluent samples were collected from ABY textile industrial company, Agege Motor Road, Mushin Lagos state and from Sunflag Nigeria Limited, Surulere Lagos state. Bacteria isolation from the effluents was done by serial dilution and spread plate method on Nutrient agar medium then passes through incubation process for 24 hours for colonies to be present. Screening method used are hemolytic, drop collapse and oilspread techniques to check for biosurfactant present in the effluent samples, which results as positive, negative, gamma, alpha and beta. Gram staining was done to the isolates and viewed under microscopic view showing mostly of Gram-positive bacillus and also Gram negative bacillus. Biochemical test was done by checking the biochemical characteristics such as citrate, glucose, lactose, H2S, gas, motility, indole, urease, oxidase, catalase, mannitol, spore former, pigmentation, vokes and prokeur. Molecular Characterization was done showing, Bacillus tropicus, Lysinibacillus fluoroglycofenilyticus, Paenibacillus sonchi, and Bacillus tianshenii. The PCR analysis of amplified, full length bacterial 16SrRNA fragments from the isolates obtained. The suspected organisms isolated from the samples includes; Bacillus thuringesis, Bacillus subtilis, with different Bacillus spp. The result of the gram staining done from the isolate collected from the textile industries is mostly Gram-Positive Bacilli showing the predominant Bacilli present in the effluents from the industries.

Keywords: Effluent, Screening, Biosurfactant, Isolate, Textile

ABSTRACT

The present study investigated the phytochemical, biochemical, hematological and antimicrobial properties of Vitellaria paradoxa, Psidium guajava and Morinda lucida. The oral acute toxicity study was conducted on mice with the limit test dose of 5000 mg/Kg body weight. The phytochemical, biochemical and hematological analysis were carried out using standard methods. The methanolic and aqueous extracts of V. paradoxa, P. guajava and M. lucida leaves were tested against selected microorganisms for the antimicrobial activities. The phytochemical results revealed the presence of tannin, flavonoids, steroids, cardiac glycoside, alkaloids, phenol and anthraquinone, alkaloids, saponin, phlobatanin and terpenoids in the three selected plants. The biochemical activity showed that the three plants have the high Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) with V. paradoxa ranging from 115.9U/L to 160.4U/L, M. lucida ranging from 189.3 U/L  to 139.4 U/L  and P. guajava ranging from 140.8 U/L to 174.6 U/L  at low dose and high dose respectively . The low dose revealed high glucose. The hematological indices affect blood cell counts and hemoglobin levels, with potential implications for immune response, anemia prevention and overall blood health. The antimicrobial activity showed that only the extracts of P. guajava with high zone of inhibition, 24.50 0.50 on Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus and the antibiotics (levofloxacin) showed slightly higher zone of inhibition, 24.83 0.29 on S. typhi. The oral acute toxicity study suggests no serious or life-threatening side effects. The result demonstrates that P. guajava has a broad antimicrobial properties, therefore has a potential as a good therapeutic agent.

Keywords: Hematology, Biochemical, Phytochemical, Antimicrobial, Medicinal plants

ABSTRACT

The rapid urbanization of recent years has led to a surge in urban population, driving up the demand for water resources. This has taken a toll on groundwater, both in terms of quantity and quality. Anthropogenic activities, change in land use, and changes in topography have rendered groundwater highly susceptible to contamination. To ensure sustainable water utilization, a robust water management system is essential. This study focuses on assessing groundwater vulnerability to pollution in Mainland Local Government Area (LGA) of Lagos, a region grappling with urbanization challenges. We utilized geological and hydrogeological data from existing sources and collected spatial data, including borehole coordinates, road networks, river locations, topographical features, and geological data, which were organized into a geodatabase for geospatial analysis. Our approach involved the DRASTIC model, accounting for aquifer parameters like depth to water, net recharge, aquifer characteristics, Vadose zone influence, and hydraulic conductivity. This model was used to create groundwater vulnerability and risk maps, validated using groundwater quality data. The results revealed diverse susceptibility levels within Mainland Lagos, with about 18% displaying high susceptibility, 25% moderate susceptibility, 28% low susceptibility, and 29% very low susceptibility to contamination. These maps offer vital insights for informed decision-making in water resource management. By enabling sustainable aquifer use, this study sets a precedent for resource preservation amid urbanization’s challenges.

Keywords: Groundwater, susceptibility, DRASTIC model, groundwater quality

ABSTRACT

Over the years, the control network has been used as the framework which serves as the basis for all subsequent mapping and surveying work where the position of points on, beneath and above the earth is precisely determined. The need for controls in surveying and mapping cannot be overemphasised especially in projects that require precise measurements and plotting e.g. engineering and construction projects, land mapping, archaeological surveys, geology, forestry, and hydrology. This study looks at the accuracy assessment of established controls for precise positioning using differential global positioning system (DGPS) and continuous operating reference stations (CORS). The focus of the study is to assess the accuracy of controls established within the University of Lagos, Akoka campus using DGPS. The coordinates of the existing controls within the University of Lagos were obtained and re-coordinated using Stonex S900A (DGPS) referenced to CORS for precise measurements. The data obtained was processed using the Trimble Business Center (TBC) software. The existing coordinates of controls and the newly acquired ones were compared and contrasted. Various statistical analyses were done to assess the accuracy of the controls established within the University of Lagos. Results show that the p-values for existing and new horizontal coordinates of the controls are (E = 0.002768695 and N = 0.00036642) which is less than the 0.01 p-value. Also, the p-value for existing and new vertical coordinates of the controls is 0.069657705 which is greater than the 0.01 p-value. Therefore, there is a significant difference between the existing and the newly acquired horizontal coordinates of controls established within the campus at a 99% confidence level but no significant difference between the existing and the newly acquired vertical coordinates of controls established. The results obtained were presented in the form of tables.

 Keywords: Controls, Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS), Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS), Precise Measurements, Trimble Business Center.

ABSTRACT

The lack of conventional ground-based observations in the sub-Saharan African region poses significant challenges to understanding and monitoring the atmosphere. This is particularly true in the upper-tropospheric and lower-stratospheric (UTLS) regions, where the atmosphere’s dynamic nature and complex processes make observation difficult. However, the development of the GNSS radio occultation (RO) technique presents an exciting opportunity for meteorological and climatic research. This study focuses on assessing the feasibility of using the GNSS RO technique to observe the atmosphere in Nigeria. It evaluates the different GNSS RO missions and examines the distribution of events across Nigeria. The study found that the coverage of radio occultation (RO) missions varies significantly, depending on the orbit design of GNSS and low-earth orbiting satellites. Additionally, the quality of atmospheric profiles, specifically from the COSMIC mission, was assessed by comparing them to radiosonde observations in Nigeria. The results demonstrated strong agreement between the COSMIC profiles and radiosonde data, with absolute mean errors of 1.42C, 0.97mbar, 0.34mm/km, and 0.58mbar for temperature, pressure, refractivity, and vapour pressure profiles respectively. Lastly, two prominent climate change indicators (tropopause height (TH) and precipitable water vapour (PWV)) dominant in the UTLS region were derived from COSMIC profiles (2013-2016) over Nigeria, the results revealed very prominent seasonal patterns in the GNSS RO derived TH and PWV which precisely describes the atmosphere and seasons of the Nigerian region. The TH and PWV agree with radiosondes and ground-based GNSS measurements in the range of -1.98 to 3.13km and -0.40 to 5.58 mm, respectively. Improvements and future missions in GNSS RO will enhance the quantity and quality of occultation events in Nigeria. As a result, the GNSS RO technique will become an indispensable tool for operational atmospheric and climate research in Nigeria and the broader sub-Saharan Africa region

.Keywords: Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Radio Occultation (RO), Tropopause height, Zenith Tropospheric Delay, Climate change, Precipitable Water vapour, Meteorology

ABSTRACT

The study examined the factors that influence customers’ choice of mode of shopping with a view to knowing the significance of e-stores toward creating better customer shopping conditions to improve satisfaction and enhancing a sustainable shopping mall investment. Furthermore, the study purposively selected 57 e-store customers and 123 shopping mall customers totalling 180 respondents’ which forms the sample size for the study. The findings through factor analysis revealed that six factors influenced the choice of e-store patronage while shopping mall patronage is influenced by seven factors. 24-hour shopping, delivery of the product to destination, and convenience of product search are the top-rated factors influencing the e-store shopping experience, while the physical evaluation of products, “trialability” of products, and variety of products at the same place are the most significant factors that influence customers’ shopping mall experiences. The paper suggests that managers should improve on the factors that influence the choice of shopping malls to attract more patronage which is pertinent to understand the key factors that could guide commercial real estate investors to create customer value and enhance sustainable real estate investment.

 Keywords: Choice, Commercial Real Estate Investment, E-Stores, Factors Influencing, Shopping Malls

ABSTRACT

Medium resolution satellite imageries are prominently used in bathymetry estimation due to high cost of accessing high resolution images and obtaining in-situ data. In this study, Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 medium resolution satellite images were explored in estimating bathymetry for a section of Imo River with underlying aim of evaluating their performances. Lyzenga log linear and Stumpf log ratio empirical models were adopted. Image pre-processing involved atmospheric correction, cloud masking, sun glint removal and low pass filtering. Comparison with field-based reference depths showed that deepest estimated depth from both satellites images was approximately 10 m compared to 12 m depth obtained from field-based sounding. Coefficient of determination shows that Landsat-8 averagely estimated depths by 57% while Sentinel-2 showed 46% performance. Sentinel-2 had the highest and lowest root mean square error of 1.9 and 1.5 based on Lyzenga and Stumpf model respectively, while Landsat-8 had root mean square error of 1.7 and 1.8 from both models. Fidelity of Sentinel-2 derived bathymetry was greatly impacted by cloud and radiometric effects despite its high spatial resolution and applied corrections. Results of the study revealed that environmental conditions and water body properties have significant impact in satellite bathymetry estimation from medium resolution images.

 Keywords: Landsat-8, Sentinel-2, Imo River, Inland Waterway, Satellite-derived Bathymetry

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to establish the influence of temperature on the forest resource and estimate the extent of changes in the environment of Okomu National Park for the years 2000, 2010, and 2020 using satellite imagery analysis. The study used normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), land cover, and land surface temperature (LST) data acquired from Landsat. The acquired data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and correlations were investigated using regression analysis and Pearson’s correlation. For correlation analysis, LST and NDVI were both divided into five classes. Fron the results obtained, the NDVI map provided that the high category of the forest cover classes had degraded to medium and low classes, and the values of 2000, 2010 and 2020 indicates that the land cover had experienced an evident degradation over the study periods. The NDVI high class of 184.24 km² of 2000 was reduced to 38.07 km² in 2020. The values of the 2000 LST ranged of the from 19.1632 (low) – 34.4896 (high) degrees; value for 2010 was low: 31.1872 – high: 43.0681°C and 2020 was 18.1622 – high: 25.061°C. The correlation analysis reveals that the R² = 0.981, 0.7198, 0.9835 for years 2000, 2010 and 2020 respectively. The study showed that year 2010 had the highest LST over the area, with LST reducing by 2020. The LST map also revealed that high temperature was obtained in the north eastern section of the map where there the percentage of built-up areas was highest. The conversion of the forests to other land use/landcover classes will lead to increased temperature and cause decline in forest biodiversity.

Keywords: Temperature, Vegetation Index, Forest Cover, Correlation, Okomu

ABSTRACT

This research work is centered on reliability assessment of the power apparatus of Garki – Area three 33/11KV distribution Substation as a case study. The aim is to established the frequency and the duration of the outages.  Data were collected for the period of 12month (from April 2020 to March 2021) from the substation daily log book. We used Historical category of reliability analysis in assessing reliability of the distribution system. Hence, all data collected were computed and analyzed using fault tree analysis method, reliability block diagram and exponential modeling method. The results obtained shows that the total failure rate of the substation within the study period was 0.773896146. Feeder 5 with failure rate of 0.16874 has the highest outage of all the feeders. The reliability of the substation within the period of study was 0.461212611 which shows poor performances as compare to a standard bench mark of 0.999. The worst period of outages was in the month of May, 2020 due to rainy, windy and storm was at its peak. The total interruption as at May 2020 was 225.60 hours which is approximately 9 days total black out for the period of the study. While the best month was October 2020 with 96% availability of 92.11hours approximately 3days black out within the period of study. The substation is an injection substation originally design for 30MVA capacity with 2x 15MVA main power transformer, but during the period of this study one of the 15MVA Transformer was out of it service due to fault. Consequently, the major problem affecting the reliability of this substation is capacity shortage. Therefore, the substation needs to be improved and substation equipment need to be upgraded.

be provided for indexing purpose.

 Keywords: reliability, failure rate, outage, frequency, duration, substation, distribution network

ABSTRACT

Overruns in highway project costs are pervasive globally. Recent attempts at predicting highway cost overruns predominantly rely on the use of after-the-fact machine learning predictive models that mainly address developed country contexts. The present study estimated the extent of cost overrun in Nigerian highway projects, and developed a regression model for predicting cost overruns in such projects based on the winning tender. Secondary data for the study was obtained from the website of the Nigerian Federal Ministry of Works and Housing, and covered the period 2002 to 2015. The overall average cost overrun in Nigerian highway projects was determined to be 17.37%. Additionally, a logarithmic model for estimating cost overrun at the pre-award stage of highway projects was obtained as . In the context of this study, it is better to estimate overruns in highway projects after the successful bidder has been identified, and to add the estimated cost overrun as a contingency sum to the contractor’s bid at that stage. Measures for mitigating cost overrun in highway projects in Nigeria should be intensified.

 Keywords: Cost Overrun, Highway, Modelling, Regression

ABSTRACT

The study examined the level of adoption of green supply chain management (GSCM) technologies and practices in selected pharmaceutical and textile firms in Southwestern Nigeria. The study was carried out in 10 pharmaceutical and 10 textile firms in Lagos and Ogun States, because of the high concentration of industrial firms in these two states. Primary data were collected through two sets of structured questionnaires administered to 1 Production Manager; 2 Suppliers; 3 Distributors; 3 Retailers; and 3 Consumers in each firm, making a total of two hundred and forty (240) respondents. The harvested quantitative data were subjected to frequencies and mean analysis in SPSS. This study used five stages of adoption to measure the level of adoption of Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) technologies and practices, which were Awareness, Interested, Evaluating, Trying, and Adoption stages. Out of the eighteen technologies and practices presented, none of the selected firms is in the adoption stage for any of the technologies or practices presented. However, the firms are already in Trying stage in acquiring green materials and sourcing ethically (Mean 3.5-4.4), while all other remaining technologies and practices were still being evaluated (Mean 2.5-3.44). The study concluded that the extent of adoption of green supply chain management technologies and practices in the pharmaceutical and textile firms is very low.

Keywords: Green Supply Chain, Green Supply Chain Management technologies, Green Supply Chain Management Practices, Pharmaceutical Firms, Textile Firms.

ABSTRACT

This study investigates the performance of geospatial features (GSF) in feature selection techniques. Five datasets – socioeconomic, whether, property, historic and geospatial datasets – collected from poor households in Nyanya-Mararaba Town in Nigeria’s Federal Capital Territory were used. The five datasets, comprising a total of twenty-nine features, were passed through five feature selection algorithms to select few features that give optimal results; viz: Pearson Correlation Coefficient (PCC), Information Gain (IG), Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE), Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA).  Four geospatial features – Travel time, Shortest distance, Height difference, and Land Use Land Cover (LULC) type – were examined. The techniques were implemented and the experiment carried out with codes in Jupyter Notebook.  Results show that PCC selected two GSF: Travel time and Shortest distance. IG selected two GSF: Travel time and Shortest distance. RFE selected two GSF: Travel time and Shortest distance. Both LASSO and PCA selected three GSF: Travel time, Shortest distance and Height difference.

Keywords: Water consumption, Geospatial features, Machine learning, Feature selection techniques

ABSTRACT

Precipitable water vapour (PWV) is a crucial atmospheric parameter that measures the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere above a specific location. The analysis of PWV variation is required to improve the understanding of climatic variability. The state-of-the-art fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ERA5) which provides historical PWV records has gained prominence in the research community. The ERA5 dataset requires validation using in-situ ground observations such as Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). However, there is a limited understanding of the climatic and seasonal variability of ERA5 PWV over Nigeria. The sparse GNSS data coverage in previous studies has also limited their potential for correlating the PWV variations with significant or severe weather occurrences. This study investigates the spatio-temporal and seasonal correlation of ERA5 PWV with the GNSS-derived PWV over Nigeria between 2011 and 2016, using GNSS observations from the Nigerian GNSS Network (NIGNET). The GNSS observations were processed using Precise Point Positioning software to derive the Zenith Tropospheric Delay and its products. Subsequently, the PWV was derived from the Zenith Wet Delay. The quantitative analysis was facilitated using spatial interpolation and statistical metrics. The findings reveal a very close correlation between ERA5 PWV and the GNSS-derived PWV across all climatic regions in Nigeria, with the highest correlations occurring in the Sudan/Sahel region (r: 0.96 – 0.98). In the dry season, there is a decrease in PWV from lower to higher latitudes. During the wet season of 2012 which recorded severe precipitation and flooding, the highest PWV content occurred in the mangrove and evergreen climatic regions located in south-west and south-eastern Nigeria. This study has proven the utility of the ERA5 PWV for mapping and monitoring the water vapour content and for long-term climate studies over Nigeria.

 Keywords: Global navigation satellite systems, Precise point positioning, Precipitable water vapour, Severe precipitation, ERA5

ABSTRACT

This study examined bacteriological and physicochemical properties of ground water within Makera district, Kaduna South Local Government, Kaduna State. A total of 10 borehole water were sampled from 5 different streets in Makera. The physiochemical parameters were determined by checking conductivity, pH, temperature, turbidity, Alkalinity, hardness, total dissolved solid, colour and odour using standard procedures. Bacteriological analysis was determined using total viable count and most probable number (MPN) technique. This was followed by characterization and antibacterial susceptibility of the isolates. The result obtained shows that conductivity had the values from 0.50 to 1.26mg/l, total dissolved solid ranges from 2.24 to 5.46 mg/l, temperature ranges from 25.7 to 31.9 °C, pH value ranges from 5.65 to 7.5, Alkalinity ranges from 16 to 55mg/l, hardness ranges from 7.6 to 10.4 mg/l. The total viable count ranges from 1.0×10³ to 4.5×10³ CFU/ml for dilution of 10³. The MPN index result revealed that none of the water samples met the standard value of WHO for drinking water which state that, the presence of coliform in drinking water should be zero/100ml. Escherichia coli (90%) was found to have the highest number of isolated organisms followed by Salmonella sp (50%) and Shigella sp (30%). The antibiotic susceptible pattern of isolates in this study indicates that all the isolates were sensitive to gentamycin, tarivid and streptomycin. Ground water in this area is characterized by the present od coliforms indicating bacteriological contamination, as such, not suitable for drinking purpose. This study suggest that the evaluation of ground water quality parameters should be carried out periodically to protect the water resources.

Keywords: Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp, Shigella sp, Most Probable Number, Coliform

ABSTRACT

Establishment of stable deformation monitoring points is a vital step in the monitoring of the stability of deformable structures. This research dwells on the establishment of a network of points to monitor the stability of Jimeta Bridge. Approximate horizontal coordinates of the monitoring points were first obtained using the GNSS receiver. The vertical coordinates of the same points were observed using a precise levelling operation.  The horizontal and vertical coordinates of the monitoring points were adjusted to get a stable network of points for the monitoring of the bridge. The adjustment was achieved using a Stability estimator model which is designed based on the principle of free network. The results show that the 66^th baseline configuration returned the maximum redundancy number of the reliability matrix of 0.59880000000000 and a minimal trace of 0.00539266393068631. The aposteriori variances were computed and found to be 0.4465, for the test on reference points and 0.6177 for the test on object points. The computed aposteriori variance both falls between the lower and the upper limit. This signifies that the geometry of the monitoring network points remains intact with no distortion. The network of the monitoring points is therefore safe to be utilised in the monitoring of the stability of the Jimeta Bridge.

Keywords: Deformation Monitoring, Mathematical Model, Least Squares Adjustment, Stability Estimator and Engineering Structure

ABSTRACT

The availability of potable water is a challenge in most developing countries, In Nigeria, more than 100 million people are required to meet Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) target for improved water by 2025 and it is unlikely to be achieved only by public supply. The Nsukka inhabitants have resorted to water vending activities in order to circumvent this problem. This aligns with SDG 6 for developing countries and propelled the quest to investigate the activities, spatial distribution and quality of vended water in Nsukka urban, Enugu State. For the study, a total number of 162 copies of questionnaire were administered to vendors which were selected by simple random sampling respectively. The result showed two main categories of water vendors namely; formal and informal vendors and their operations in Nsukka urban. Water analysis was done in the laboratory to ascertain the quality index of the source (formal vendors) which is 5 major boreholes in Nsukka urban and also samples were collected from two informal vendors for end users to ascertain the quality. Findings revealed that the water vending business especially the large scale water vendors make up to ₦8000 on daily basis while the small scale vendors gain an additional N5000 naira on the initial cost of  a full truck load of water. Laboratory analysis shows that the quality of water retailed from the different boreholes was good, in tandem with W.H.O standard but on the contrary the water quality from the vendors was not potable and contaminated from containerized supply especially rusty water tanks. We unequivocally recommend a routine and quality assurance checks before vendors are allowed to retail water to the masses in order to ensure compliance with W.H.O standard. We advocate that government should prioritize the provision of adequate pipe-borne water to residents of Nsukka Urban. 

Keywords: Water vending, Formal sector, Informal sector, Water quality, Spatial distribution

ABSTRACT

Streams are important in an ecosystem for the survival of aquatic organisms and their quality fundamentals.  Streams are important in an ecosystem and their quality is fundamental for the survival of aquatic organisms. Feroro stream is threatened from anthropogenic activities which affects the quality of its sediment temporally and spatially. Sediment was collected on monthly bases for twenty-four months from five stations along the stream based on anthropogenic activities using calibrated standard tubes. Physicochemical parameters were determined using multiparameter HANNA meter, Dissolved oxygen meter, Titration and Colorimeteric methods. All the physicochemical parameters were within World Health Organization limits and Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality limits except Total Hardness (77.87-156.00mg/L), Dissolved Oxygen (1.51-3.79mg/L) and pH (6.59-8.67). There was significant (P<0.05) temporal variation in the physicochemical parameters but no significant variation spatially (P<0.05). Across the wet and dry seasons, there was significant variation except in Temperature (25.79℃ and 25.54℃) and Total Hardness (116.72mg/L and 121.66mg/L) respectively P<0.05.  There was a significant difference P<0.05, in all the parameters across the wet and dry seasons, except in Temperature (25.79℃ and 25.54℃) and Total Hardness (116.72mg/L and 121.66mg/L). 

Keywords: Feroro Stream, Physico-chemical Parameters, Spatial, Temporal, Sediment

ABSTRACT

The ongoing Ukraine war, spike in living cost, Covid-19 pandemics, academic staff union strikes for better funding of education, and urban renewal activities that constitute significant sources of stressors with mental health implication in Nigerian cities. Studies have shown stress can blunt people’s sensitivity and ability to make informed decisions. Therefore, no better time than now to assess the perceived stress scale, decision-making process, and nuclear awareness among Nigerian millennials in the face of rising emergencies. Here the study showed significant majority of millennials are lower stress, making good decisions, and nuclear aware. The survey observations were in line with previous studies in the UK and the US, but did not support the same hypothesis. Considerably, the research highlights the concern of Nigerian millennials about the Ukraine conflict, the potential nuclear threat to cities, and increasing inequalities. There is need to rethink a statistical regularity and bridge existing knowledge gaps among respondents on the catastrophic effects of a nuclear world war including the demonstrated disregard for sustainability. It is important because they are not only the future leaders, but this is the millennial generation and the United Nations has stressed the need for greater nuclear awareness. An empirical survey using mixed-method, self-reporting questionnaires with 26 questions was adopted. The randomly sampled 38 Nigerian millennials in Port Harcourt, Akwa Ibom, and Bayelsa states was facilitated by faculty members of institutions in these states the researchers have rapport. The mean score of data collected were analysed. The conclusion is with recommendations for achieving greater sustainability and nuclear education while contributing to the prevention of potential catastrophe for humanity and our architectural heritage by cities’ obliteration.

Keywords:Perceived Stress Scale, Decision Making, Nuclear Awareness, Sustainability, Global Trade, Architectural Preservation, Cities Obliteration, Nuclear Winter

ABSTRACT

The distal field, Sapele Deep Field, is situated in the Niger Delta’s Northwestern region. The study had access to three wells (numbers 06, 17, and 18). Thirteen reservoirs were identified across the wells, and they were found at depths ranging from 2991.62 meters (9872.35 feet) to 3761.81 meters (12413.97 feet). The field is a brownfield with a total area of 16515.73 acres, and it has been producing hydrocarbon for over three decades. As a result, digital wireline well log data, including the neutron log, resistivity log, gamma-ray log, and density log, were used to carry out the reservoir petrophysical evaluation and gain a better understanding of the reservoir lithology and hydrocarbon potential. The research area’s average values for the following parameters are 6.67 m (22.01 ft) of net sand thickness, 0.21 (21%), 1454.05 mD of permeability, 0.16 mD of shale volume, 0.47 (net-to-gross), and 0.48 (48%), respectively, for water saturation (Sw).

Keywords: Petrophysical evaluation, Lithology, Gamma-ray log, resistivity log, density log

ABSTRACT

This research reports the results of Heavy metals Zn, Pb,Cu, Ni, Cd contents of Street dust of Ketu-Mile 12 Area of Lagos – State , South – Western, Nigeria. The dust samples were collected randomly from August – December, 2022 at ten different locations of Ketu – Mile 12 Area by sweeping surface dust into plastic waste packer using plastic brush and transferred into pre-labeled polythene. The samples collected at each location were filtered through 75µm stainless steel sieve, weighed and digested with appropriate amount of HNO3 and H2O for 2 hours. The concentrations of Heavy metals were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS).Results showed that the average concentration of Heavy metals were: Zn 176.43 mg/kg, Cu 162.25mg/kg, Pb 32.22mg/kg, Ni 6.98mg/kg and Cd 0.33mg/kg with the most abundant pollutant Heavy metal was Zn while the least abundant was Cd. The most polluted site was Owode – Onirin 263.54mg/kg while the least polluted site was Alapere 2.269mg/kg. The Principal Component Analysis PCA showed that the major sources of heavy metals are mainly anthropogenic and two factors PC1 and PC2 accounted for 72.95% of the total variance. Each of these factors were identified as sources of heavy metals in dust of Ketu – Mile 12 area with Traffic/ Vehicular emission dominating. Pearson’s significant correlation analysis revealed that there is strong positive correlation between the Heavy metals at 0.01 levels. The concentration of Heavy metals exceeded the recommended limits of the Federal Ministry of Environment (FME), European communities (EC) and United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) permissible level. Therefore, there is need for environmental monitoring, safety and management of Ketu – Mile 12 dust.

Keywords: Environment, Sample, Significant, Concentration, Dust, Anthropogenic